6. INTRODUCTION
Mass of striated muscles covered with mucous
membrane
Voluntary muscular structure
Length: 3 inches
Location: floor of the mouth
Shape: triangular
Attachement: With mandible and hyoid bone
Has an apex , body and root
7. GENERAL FEATURES
SURFACES :
Two surfaces
• Superior surface
• Inferior surface
Superior surface is
divided into three parts
• Anterior 2/3 part
called as Oral part
• Posterior 1/3 part
called as Pharyngeal
part
• Base(root) of tongue
8. General Features
TERMINAL SULCUS
V-shaped sulcus
divides tongue into
anterior & posterior
parts
Apex of sulcus marked
by a pit - FORAMEN
CECUM
9. General Features
Foramen cecum ,an
embryological
remnant, marks the upper
end of thyroglossal duct
Sometime a thyroglossal
duct persists and connects
the foramen cecum with
the thyroid gland in
neck(thyroglossal cyst)
10. Superior Surface
Oral Part(anterior 2/3):
• Comprises of a
median furrow
• Rough surface due to
presence of papillae
• Surrounded by
anterior and lateral
teeth
• Mobile part of
tongue
11. Superior Surface
Pharyngeal
Part(Posterior 1/3)
• Lies behind the
sulcus terminalis
• No papillae, shows
nodular
surface, presence of
lymphatic nodules
and lingual tonsils
• Contributes to the
anterior wall of
oropharynx
13. Base of Tongue
Base of tongue is far back
and is bottom of tongue
Contributes to the front
wall of pharynx
Movement can affect the
diameter of pharynx i.e
• When it push
forwards, thereby
expanding the pharynx
• When it pull
backwards, thereby
constricting the
pharynx
• Lacks papillae
14. INFERIOR SURFACE
Covered by smooth mucous membrane
In the midline , a mucosal fold called Frenulum
connects the tongue with the floor of the mouth
Lateral to frenulum, deep lingual vein can be seen
through the mucosa
Lateral to the lingual vein , mucosal fold called as
plica fimbriata is present
17. PAPPILAE
Indentation of any structure
in the overlying epithelium
is called papillae
Superior surface of tongue
, covered by numerous
papillae
Have taste buds on their
surfaces
Types of of papillae;
• Vallate/circumvallate
• Filiform
• Fungiform
• Foliate
18.
19. Vallate Papillae
Largest among papillae
SHAPE: Blunt-ended cylindrical
NUMBER: 8 to 12
LOCATION: infront of sulcus terminalis
ARRANGEMENT: Occur in V shape line
21. Filiform Papillae
SHAPE: Thin, long papillae having pointed ends
‘V’ shaped cones
Only papillae having no taste buds
NUMBER: numerous
These papillae are mechanical and not involved in
gustation
Identified by increased keratinization
LOCATION: Present at pre-sulcal area of the tongue
23. Fungiform Pappilae
SHAPE: slightly mushroom-shaped if looked at in
longitudinal section
Taste buds on their surfaces
LOCATION: apex of the tongue as well as the margins
Larger than filiform papillae
27. Taste Buds
Sensory receptors for taste
The sensation of taste is called gustation
Taste buds are located on the surfaces of papillae
except filiform papillae
29. Taste Buds
Four taste sensations, recently a fifth basic taste has
been added: sour, sweet, salty, bitter and the recently
added umami
UMAMI
30. Umami Taste
Umami is from japanese
word which means ‘pleasant
savory taste’
Human tongue has
glutamate receptors, which
is the source of umami
flavour
Kikunae ikeda, japanese
scientist proposed its
existence in 1908
This taste is mostly found in
fish, cured
meats, mushrooms, cheese,
spinach etc.
31.
32. Interesting Facts
Women have shorter tongue than men.
Blue whale has the largest tongue in animal
kingdom and weighs 5400 lbs
About half of all bacteria in your mouth live on
your tongue
Tongue heals faster than any part of the body
Your tongue is germ free only if it is pink. If it is
white there is a thin film of bacteria on it.
37. The tongue is divided
into two halves by a
median septum and
the muscles of each
half consist of Intrinsic
And Extrinsic Muscles
Therefore each muscle
occur in Pair.
38. INTRINSIC MUSCLES
These muscles are confined to the tongue,
They originate and inserts within the tongue,
No bony attachments,
FUNCTION: They alter the shape of tongue
39. Types of Intrinsic Muscles
There are four types
Superior Longitudinal,
Inferior Longitudinal,
Vertical muscles,
And
Transverse muscles.
40. Superior Longitudinal Muscle
It lies just
beneath the
dorsum of the
tongue.
ACTION: It
curls the tip
upward and
rolls it
posteriorly
45. Transverse Muscles
Lies inferior to the
superior longitudinal
muscle and run from
the septum to margins
ACTION:
They narrow the
tongue and increase its
height.
48. EXTRINSIC MUSCLES
These muscles take origin from parts outside the
tongue, therefore move the tongue as well as alter the
shape.
Divided into four types namely;
1 ) GENIOGLOSSUS
2 ) HYOGLOSSUS
3 ) STYLOGLOSSUS
4 ) PALATOGLOSSUS
50. GENIOGLOSSUS
ORIGIN: From
superior mental spines,
INSERTION: Into the
mucous membrane of
the tongue.
Action: Protrudes the
tongue, depress central
part of tongue and
increase the volume of
mouth as in sucking. GENIOGLOSSUS
51.
52. HYOGLOSSUS
ORIGIN: Arises from
greater horn and body
of hyoid bone,
INSERTION: Side of
tongue.
ACTION: It depresses
side of tongue assisting
GENIOGLOSSUS to
enlarge oral cavity.
HYOGLOSSUS
53.
54. STYLOGLOSSUS
ORIGIN: Lower part of
Styloid process and
upper part of
stylohyoid ligament,
INSERTION: Side of
tongue.
ACTION: Elevates and
retracts the tongue.
STYLOGLOSSUS
57. • Protrusion:
• Genioglossus on both sides acting together
• Retraction:
• Styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides acting
together
• Depression:
• Hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides acting
together
• Elevation:
• Styloglossus and palatoglossus on both sides acting
together
58. INNERVATION
Both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles are
supplied by HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
except PALATOGLOSSUS muscle
which is in turn supplied by VAGUS
NERVE.
59.
60. FACTS
1). The tongue is the strongest muscle in the body and
the only muscle that is connected only at one end.
2). Using a tongue scraper to clean your tongue is proven
to prevent heart attacks, pneumonia, premature
births, diabetes.
3). Your tongue never stops working. Even when you
sleep it is pushing saliva into your throat.
62. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arterial Supply
Lingual artery - supplies
tongue and floor of the
mouth.
Originates from external
carotid artery in neck
Passes between
hyoglossus and
genioglossus muscles of
tongue
ILingual
artery
63. Arterial Supply
• Lingual artery mainly gives three branches within the
tongue namely
• Dorsal lingual artery
• Deep lingual artery
• Sub lingual artery
64.
65. Arterial Supply
Also secondary supply to the tongue by:
Tonsillar branch of facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery (branch of external
carotid artery)
66. Venous Drainage
Drained by dorsal lingual
vein and deep lingual veins
Deep Lingual Veins:
Begins near tip of tongue
and run beneath the
mucous membrane
Visible on the inferior
surface of tongue
Anterior to lingual artery
Ultimately drains into
internal jugular vein Deep lingual vein
Dorsal lingual vein
68. Venous Drainage
Dorsal Lingual Veins
Drain the dorsum and
sides of tongue
Runs along the
lingual artery
Drains into internal
jugular vein
Dorsal lingual vein
69. Lymphatics
Apical Vessels:
Drains into Submental
nodes & deep cervical
nodes
Marginal Vessels:
Drains into Submandibular
nodes & deep cervical
nodes
Basal Vessels:
Drains into Deep cervical
nodes (jugulodigastric
mainly)
70.
71. LYMPH
VESSELS AFFERENT(RECEIVING) EFFERENT(DRAINING)
1. APICAL i. TIP
ii. FRENULUM
- SUBMENTAL
( MAJOR LYMPH NODE )
2. MARGINAL SIDE OF TONGUE IN FRONT OF
SULCUS TERMINALIS - SUBMANDIBULAR NODE
- JUGULODIGASTRIC
JUGULO- DIGASTRIC (deep
cervical nodes)
3. BASAL
POSTERIOR 1/3RD or Base
72. Innervation
Innervation is complex and consists of three different
supplies
Motor supply
General sensory supply
Special sensory supply
73. Motor Supply
All extrinsic and intrinsic muscles are supplied by
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE except PALATOGLOSSUS muscle
which is supplied by VAGUS NERVE.
74. Sensory supply
General sensory
sensation is by three
nerves
Lingual nerve –
anterior 2/3rd of
tongue
Glossopharyngeal
nerve – posterior
1/3rd of tongue
Vagus nerve –
posterior most part of
tongue
75. Special sensory supply
Supplied by three nerves
Chorda tympani (facial)
– taste sensation of
anterior 2/3rd of tongue
Glossopharyngeal (ix) –
taste sensation of
posterior 1/3rd of
tongue
Vagus nerve (x) – taste
sensation of posterior
most part
80. GLOSSITIS is usually a part of generalized
ulceration of mouth cavity . In certain anaemias
due to atrophy of filiform papillae tongue
becomes smooth.
The presence of a rich network of lymphatics and
loose areolar tissue in the substance of tongue is
responsible for the enormous swelling of the
tongue in acute glossitis.
Clinical aspects
81. The under-surface of the tongue is good site for
observation of jaundice.
In unconscious patients, the tongue may fall
back and obstruct the air passage. This can be
prevented either by lying the patient on one side
with head down or by keeping the tongue out
mechanically.
Referred pain is felt in the ear in diseases of
posterior part of tongue, as ninth nerve
commonly supply to both the regions
Clinical aspects
82. Carcinoma of tongue is quite common. The
affected side is removed surgically. Carcinoma of
posterior one third is more dangerous.
Clinical aspects