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Lte coverage optimization analysis
1.
LTE Coverage Optimization Analysis
2.
Internal Use Only▲ ZTE
Confidential Proprietary © 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. I LEGAL INFORMATION By accepting this certain document of ZTE CORPORATION you agree to the following terms. If you do not agree to the following terms, please notice that you are not allowed to use this document. Copyright © 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved. This document contains proprietary information of ZTE CORPORATION. Any reproduction, transfer, distribution, use or disclosure of this document or any portion of this document, in any form by any means, without the prior written consent of ZTE CORPORATION is prohibited. are registered trademarks of ZTE CORPORATION. ZTE’s company name, logo and product names referenced herein are either trademarks or registered trademarks of ZTE CORPORATION. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks or trade names of their respective owners. Without the prior written consent of ZTE CORPORATION or the third party owner thereof, anyone’s access to this document should not be construed as granting, by implication, estopped or otherwise, any license or right to use any marks appearing in the document. The design of this product complies with requirements of environmental protection and personal security. This product shall be stored, used or discarded in accordance with product manual, relevant contract or laws and regulations in relevant country (countries). This document is provided “as is” and “as available”. Information contained in this document is subject to continuous update without further notice due to improvement and update of ZTE CORPORATION’s products and technologies. ZTE CORPORATION Address: No. 55 Hi-tech Road South Shenzhen P. R. China 518057 Website: http://support.zte.com.cn Email: 800@zte.com.cn
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Confidential Proprietary © 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. II Revision History Product Version Document Version Serial Number Revision Reason 1.0 Author Document Version Date Drafted by Reviewed by Approved by 1.0 Intended Audience: LTE network optimization engineers
4.
Internal Use Only▲ ZTE
Confidential Proprietary © 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. III Contents 1 COVERAGE PROBLEMS AND OPTIMIZATION SIGNIFICANCE ..................................... 1 1.1 CAUSES OF COVERAGE PROBLEMS.................................................................... 1 1.2 COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION CONTENTS ............................................................... 2 2 COVERAGE KPI DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSIS.......................................................... 3 2.1 RSRP DESCRIPTIONS ............................................................................................ 3 2.2 RS SINR DESCRIPTIONS........................................................................................ 4 2.3 RSRQ DESCRIPTIONS ............................................................................................ 4 2.4 COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION TOOLS....................................................................... 5 3 BASIC FLOW AND OPTIMIZATION PRINCIPLES OF COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION ....... 6 3.1 COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION FLOWCHART............................................................. 6 3.2 PREPARATIONS...................................................................................................... 8 3.2.1 COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION TARGET DETERMINATION ............................. 8 3.2.2 CLUSTER PARTITION .................................................................................... 9 3.2.3 ENODEB INFORMATION COLLECTION AND INFORMATION SHEET FORMULATION............................................................................................. 10 3.2.4 ELECTRONIC MAP COLLECTION................................................................ 11 3.2.5 CHECK AND DEBUGGING OF COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION TOOLS.......... 11 3.2.6 SITE HEALTH CHECK .................................................................................. 12 3.2.7 PLANNING OF TESTING ROUTE................................................................. 12 4 DETERMINATION AND OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR COMMON COVERAGE PROBLEMS..................................................................................................................... 14 4.1 COMMON COVERAGE PROBLEM DETERMINATION .......................................... 14 4.1.1 DOWNLINK COVERAGE PROBLEM ANALYSIS .......................................... 14 4.1.2 UPLINK COVERAGE PROBLEM ANALYSIS ................................................ 17 4.1.3 UNBALANCED UPLINK AND DOWNLINK COVERAGE................................ 18 4.1.4 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROBLEM ANALYSIS ................................... 18 4.1.5 HANDOVER PROBLEM ANALYSIS .............................................................. 19 4.1.6 ANALYSIS OF OTHER COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS............... 20 4.2 COMMON COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION METHODS.............................................. 22 4.2.1 ANTENNA AND FEEDER OPTIMIZATION METHODS ................................. 22
5.
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Confidential Proprietary © 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. IV 4.2.2 PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION ...................................................................... 24 A.1 ANTENNA DOWNTILT ANGLE FORMULA ............................................................ 25 A.2 DOWNTILT ANGLE CALCULATION METHODS .................................................... 27
6.
Internal Use Only▲ ZTE
Confidential Proprietary © 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. V Figures Figure 2-1 Coverage Optimization Flow ....................................................................................... 7 Figure 2-2 Cluster Partition of a Project...................................................................................... 10 Figure 2-3 DT Route .................................................................................................................. 14 Tables Table 2-1 Coverage Optimization Target Values (Reference KPIs) .............................................. 8 Table 3-1 Downlink Coverage Problems .................................................................................... 15
7.
ZTE Confidential Proprietary
© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 1 1 Coverage Problems and Optimization Significance Good wireless coverage guarantees the quality and KPIs of a mobile communication network. The FLTE network uses co-channel networking and hard handover, so co-channel interference is great. Good coverage has a great significance for network performance. This guide describes the workflow and cautions of LTE wireless network coverage optimization. 1.1 Causes of Coverage Problems There are six causes of wireless network coverage problems: 1. Wireless network planning is incorrect. Wireless network planning directly determines the workload of subsequent coverage optimization and the optimal performance that the network can have in the future. The correctness of wireless network planning is determined by propagation model selection, propagation model calibration, electronic maps, simulation parameter settings, and simulation software, which avoid coverage problems caused by wireless network planning and ensure that the network coverage requirements are met in the planning phase. 2. The position of an actual eNodeB deviates from the planned position. Site positions are planned through simulation to meet the coverage requirements. If an actual eNodeB is not in the proper position, network coverage problems are caused in the establishment phase. 3. The actual parameters and planning parameters are different. Because installation is of poor quality, the actual antenna heights, azimuths, downtilt angles, and antenna types are different from those planned, causing coverage problems after the network is established, though the original plan meets requirements. These problems can be solved through subsequent network optimization, but the project cost is greatly increased.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 2 4. The wireless environment in the coverage area is changed. One change is that the wireless environment is changed in the network establishment procedure and buildings are added or reduced, and this causes weak coverage or overshoot coverage. The other change is that overshoot coverage occurs or there is no dominant cell because of street effect and the reflection of the water surface. To solve these problems, you can control the azimuths and downtilt angles of antennas to avoid street effect and reduce the signal propagation distance. 5. New coverage requirements are added. Network coverage is changed because wider coverage is required, new eNodeBs are added, or eNodeBs are relocated. 6. With network development, users and services are increased. As a result, network load is increased, network coverage is affected, and a cell may bear too many users. Therefore, the network needs to be optimized as required to improve network coverage and make the load of each cell reasonable. During network establishment, you should take measures to improve network coverage according to the above contents. 1.2 Coverage Optimization Contents The main coverage optimization contents are as follows: Downlink coverage optimization eliminates four problems of the network: coverage holes, weak coverage, overshoot coverage, and no dominant cell. Coverage holes can be regarded as a weak coverage problem, and overshoot coverage and no dominant cell can be regarded as cross coverage problems. Therefore, coverage optimization mainly includes weak coverage elimination and cross coverage optimization. In addition, uplink coverage problems, unbalanced uplink and downlink coverage, interference, and handover problems must also be considered. The coverage optimization target refers to the standard set according to the actual network establishment to solve the above problems.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 3 2 Coverage KPI Descriptions and Analysis For FDD LTE, KPIs such as RSRP, RS SINR, and RSRQ are provided in drive testing data to measure downlink coverage. SINR and RSRP are widely used, and RSRQ is rarely used (it was found that RSRQ submitted by some terminals was incorrect). 2.1 RSRP Descriptions In 3GPP 36.214, Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. The measurement reference point on the UE is the antenna connector. This KPI is measured when the UE is in the following status: RRC_IDLE intra-frequency, RRC_IDLE inter-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, and RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency. Definition Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. For RSRP determination the cell-specific reference signals R0 according TS 36.211 [3] shall be used. If the UE can reliably detect that R1 is available it may use R1 in addition to R0 to determine RSRP. The reference pointfor the RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE. If receiver diversity is used by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower than the corresponding RSRP ofany of the individual diversity branches. Applicable to RRC_IDLE intra-frequency RRC_IDLE inter-frequency RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency To set RSRP on a road (antennas are placed outside the car), you should take the shadow fading margin and penetration loss into account. The shadow fading margin is taken into account to guarantee the wireless connection rate when shadows are fading, and the penetration loss is taken into account to provide services for users in buildings.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 4 2.2 RS SINR Descriptions RS SINR refers to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. The SINR is for available signal power, so the SINR is equal to the Carrier-to-Noise-and-Interference Ratio (CINR). Besides the inter-eNodeB distance and parameters, the RS SINR is also related to network load. Heavy network load determines a low RS SINR. If the PCI mode 3 values of a neighbor cell and the service cell are different, their RS does not overlap in the frequency domain and does not affect each other when there is no load. When the load of a neighbor cell is changed, the frequency domain of the RS of the local cell may be the same as the RE position of the service channel of the neighbor cell, and the RS SINR of the service cell is affected by the service channel of the neighbor cell and reduced. 2.3 RSRQ Descriptions In 3GPP 36.214, Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio N × RSRP / (E - UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear average of the total received power observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 5 Definition Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio N × RSRP / (E - UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same setofresource blocks. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference,and thermal noise. The reference pointfor the RSRQ shall be the antenna connector of the UE. If receiver diversity is used by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower than the corresponding RSRQof any of the individual diversity branches. Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency From the above definition, RSRQ is related to not only the RE power bearing RS but also the RE power bearing user data and the interference from neighbor cells. Therefore, RSRQ is changed with network load and interference. Heavier network load and greater interference determine a smaller RSRQ value. 2.4 Coverage Optimization Tools Coverage optimization tools are divided into coverage testing tools and analysis tools. Coverage testing tools include CNT, CXT, and other testing software. When connecting a testing tool to a testing UE to perform the coverage test, note that: 1. Possible relationships with neighbor cells must be added before drive testing. 2. The test must be performed after the UE is connected. You can customize an automatic and repeated download task through the testing software. Coverage analysis tools include CAN, CXA, and other compatible analysis software.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 6 3 Basic Flow and Optimization Principles of Coverage Optimization 3.1 Coverage Optimization Flowchart Coverage optimization is started once all eNodeBs are established and tested in the planned area. Coverage optimization can be started when 80% of the eNodeBs in a cluster are tested. The coverage optimization phase involves preparations, data collection, problem analysis, and adjustment implementation, see Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference.. According to the optimization target of the project team and the actual situation, data collection, problem analysis, and optimization adjustment shall be repeated until the network meets the target optimization KPIs of the project team.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 7 Figure 3-1 Coverage Optimization Flow Start Preparations 1. Coverage optimization target determination 2. Cluster partition 3. eNodeB information collection 4. Electronic map collection 5. Check and debugging of coverage optimization tools 6. Site health check 7. Planning of the testing route Data Collection 1. Front-end DT test 2. Indoor system test 3. Configuration data collection 4. NMS UDT data collection Do testing indicators meet the requirements? Problem Analysis 1. Coverage problem analysis 2. Handover problem analysis 3. Interference problem analysis 4. Others Adjustment Implementation Complete the optimization report and end. Yes No In the test preparation phase, the target optimization KPIs must be determined according to the contract, clusters must be assigned properly, the testing route must be determined together with the operator, and necessary tools and materials for coverage optimization must be ready to ensure that coverage optimization can be implemented successfully. In the data collection phase, DT and the indoor test are performed to collect UE data, integrating with the call tracking data and configuration data on the located faulty eNodeB, to get ready for the subsequent problem analysis phase. Through data analysis, problems in the network can be found and adjustment measures can be provided. After adjustment is finished, perform test data collection
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 8 again. If the test result does not meet the target KPIs, perform problem analysis and adjustment again until all the KPIs are met. After coverage optimization, the updated eNodeB information sheet containing downtilt angles and azimuths must be output. 3.2 Preparations This section corresponds to the first step in the above flowchart. Because many preparations need to be done in this step and they directly affect the quality and results of subsequent phases, this step is described separately. 3.2.1 Coverage Optimization Target Determination The key point of coverage optimization is to solve the problems of weak coverage, no dominant cell, and handover. However, in the actual project operation, operators' requirements for, definitions of, and attention to KPIs are different. Therefore, the coverage optimization target must meet the coverage and handover KPIs in the contract (for a commercial eNodeB) or planning report (for a trial eNodeB), and KPIs must be defined according to the contract. KPIs must be defined in the following format: The ratio of the sampling eNodeBs where the XX (such as RSRP, SINR, and CINR) KPI is larger than the reference value XX to the total sampling eNodeBs is higher than X%, or is determined by the XX project team. Through coverage optimization, the network must meet the KPIs in Table 2-1. (This table is for reference only. Coverage assessment KPIs and KPI thresholds must be determined together with the customer as required. It is not recommended to use the coverage rate as an assessment KPI. The connection rate, dropped-call rate, and rate can be used as assessment KPIs.) Table 3-1 Coverage Optimization Target Values (Reference KPIs) KPI Requirement Criteria Coverage rate Both the following two requirements must be met: RSRP > –105 dBm -
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 9 SINR > 0 dB Connection rate RRC connection rate - FTP upload and downloadAverage throughput - 3.2.2 Cluster Partition For the eNodeBs in a group or cluster, coverage optimization must be implemented for them at the same time. Only in this way, the interference from co-channel neighbor cells is taken into account during optimization. Before an eNodeB is adjusted, the effect on adjacent eNodeBs must be analyzed in advance to prevent them from being impacted. Cluster partition must be determined together with the customer. During cluster partition, the following factors must be considered: 1. According to experience, the number of clusters must be determined as required, and a cluster can contain 15 to 25 eNodeBs. 2. You can refer to the cluster partition that the operator uses for the existing networks. 3. Terrain factors: Different terrain has different effects on signal propagation. Mountains hinder signal propagation and are natural borders for cluster partition. Rivers can lead to wider radio signal propagation and have different effects on cluster partition. For a narrow river, the mutual effects of both riversides on signals must be considered. If transport conditions permit, eNodeBs along the riversides should be allocated to the same cluster. For a wide river, the mutual effects of the upstream and downstream of the river must be considered. Because transport conditions are not good in this case, eNodeBs must be allocated according to the river as required. 4. Clusters in a honeycomb structure are more used than strips of clusters. 5. The principle to partition clusters in administrative areas is: When the network to be optimized covers multiple administrative areas, partitioning clusters according to the administrative areas is a method that the customer will accept. 6. Workload of drive testing: When partitioning clusters, you must ensure that the drive testing of each cluster can be finished within a day. It is better if drive testing can be finished within four hours. Error! Not a valid bookmark
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 10 self-reference. shows the cluster partition of a project. JB03 and JB04 are dense urban areas. JB01 is a highway area. JB02, JB05, JB06, and JB07 are common urban areas. JB08 is a suburb. Each cluster contains 18 to 22 eNodeBs. Figure 3-2 Cluster Partition of a Project 3.2.3 eNodeB Information Collection and Information Sheet Formulation After network planning is finished and before coverage optimization is started, you must obtain the detailed information about the eNodeBs in the network to be optimized, including the eNodeB information sheet. This sheet contains longitudes and latitudes of eNodeBs (cells), azimuths and downtilt angles (mechanical and electrical downtilt angles) of antennas, PCIs, and cell IDs. The eNodeB information sheet is a prerequisite for you to optimize the network. With this sheet, you can know the information about all the eNodeBs in the network to be optimized, and take precautions against possible problems. You can effectively perform the network optimization test only after obtaining the eNodeB information sheet. eNodeB information includes: 1. eNodeB planning information: eNodeB names, numbers, and types. 2. Wireless parameter planning information: cell IDs, PCIs, eNodeB IDs, and TACs.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 11 3. Onsite engineering survey information: longitudes and latitudes of eNodeBs, and heights, azimuths, downtilt angles (mechanical and electrical downtilt angles), and types of antennas. 4. Other information that must be paid attention to on site: shelters and adjustable antennas and feeders. These can be added or deleted as required. After coverage optimization is started, antennas and feeders of eNodeBs are adjusted or even relocated and cut over as required. In this case, the eNodeB information sheet must be updated in a timely manner. 3.2.4 Electronic Map Collection Before coverage optimization, you must obtain electronic maps involved in the network optimization. An electronic map refers to a visible map in TAB format, saving geomorphology and city information and used on computers. Electronic maps play an important role in network optimization. In addition, Google Earth is a common tool for network optimization. Because the formulation of electronic maps is greatly limited and electronic maps cannot be updated in a timely manner, the existing electronic map may different from the actual situation. You must obtain an updated paper map to correctly know the information about the desired area, including roads and buildings. The map can be easily bought in the local area. 3.2.5 Check and Debugging of Coverage Optimization Tools Before coverage optimization, it is necessary to check the software tools for coverage optimization. ZTE uses CNT (CXT), CAN (CXA), and CNO, of which the versions must be checked to ensure that they are updated. You can know whether the software is updated through your department platform. All patches must be installed in a timely manner, and software licenses or dongles must be checked to see whether they can be used. If they are unavailable or will expire soon, update them immediately.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 12 3.2.6 Site Health Check Before network-wide optimization, the alarm information and troubleshooting progress of all related eNodeBs must be obtained to find coverage problems that cannot be solved through network optimization. The required information includes: 1. eNodeB alarm (affecting wireless performance) sheet containing alarms of the day and historical alarms 2. Main and diversity RSSI statistics of each cell every day 3. eNodeB commissioning sheet (containing incremental information) 4. Tracking table of standing wave ratios, transmission, and eNodeB interruption processing information, and the processing plan for the next day (in special cases, you need to perform onsite survey on eNodeBs) 3.2.7 Planning of Testing Route DT is the most common method to obtain network data during coverage optimization. Therefore, the selection of the testing route directly affects the KPIs and optimization target of DT. Before drive testing, you should determine the drive testing acceptance route with the customer first. If the customer already has a preset route, the preset route must be considered during the design of the testing route. If the coverage requirements of the customer's preset testing route cannot be met because of objective factors, such as network layout, you should explain the situation to the customer in a timely manner. The testing route must pass all commissioned eNodeBs in the planned area. In addition, testing routes must include main streets, important places, and VIPs/VICs. Main roads and highways in the testing area must also be included in testing routes. The local driving habits must be considered in the design of the testing route. To correctly compare performance changes, it is recommended to use the same route in drive testing. If possible, it is necessary to perform a two-way test on the route. Before determining the testing route, you should take the actual situation into consideration, such as one-way streets and left turn restrictions. You can fully communicate with a local driver or drive to determine the route, and then communicate with the customer to determine it.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 13 The eNodeB commissioning ratio in the area is an important factor affecting the design of the testing route. For example, in cluster optimization, if the eNodeB commissioning ratio is lower than 80%, the testing route must be designed to avoid the target coverage areas of uncommissioned eNodeBs. In this way, continuous coverage can be ensured for the testing route. In practice, drive testing data includes the abnormal data of areas with coverage holes, and the abnormal data directly affects the test result of coverage and service performance. The abnormal data must be filtered out when you process and analyze drive testing data. The testing route must be saved in tab format of MapInfo so that the same testing route can be used in the subsequent optimization verification test. In addition, the testing route must also be saved in the format of Google Earth so that the test result can be analyzed through Google Earth. The method to work out the route through Mapinfo is: Create a layer on the map and mark the start point and end point of the test, and use lines with arrows to indicate the test route, see Figure 3-3 DT Route . Note that the figure is only an example. When designing a route for cluster coverage optimization, you may need to take a two-way route into consideration. In addition, you can export the drive testing data collected through CNT as a route map in the format of MapInfo. During the test, use CNT to load the data so that you can use the original testing route.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 14 Figure 3-3 DT Route 4 Determination and Optimization Methods for Common Coverage Problems Coverage problem analysis is the key point and basis of cluster optimization and focuses on signal distribution. The coverage problem analysis procedure involves downlink dominant cell coverage analysis, uplink coverage analysis, analysis of unbalanced uplink and downlink coverage, interference analysis, handover analysis, and analysis of other coverage optimization problems. 4.1 Common Coverage Problem Determination 4.1.1 Downlink Coverage Problem Analysis Downlink coverage problem analysis refers to the analysis of RSRP and SINR obtained through DT. For possible downlink coverage problems, refer to the following table.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 15 Table 4-1 Downlink Coverage Problems Problem Description No coverage or weak coverage If no PCI signals or weak PCI signals of cells are detected through drive testing data, it means that a site does not transmit power or antennas are blocked during the test. Check eNodeB alarms and onsite antennas. Overshoot coverage If the signals of a cell are widely distributed, and neighbor cells in one or two circles around the cell all receive its signals, it means that the cell overshoots coverage, and the area may become an area with no dominant cell. Overshoot coverage may be caused by improper eNodeB heights or downtilt angles of antennas. The cell with overshoot coverage interferes in neighbor cells and reduces the capacity. To solve the overshoot coverage problem, you can increase the downtilt angles of antennas or lower antennas. During the troubleshooting, note that coverage holes cannot be caused. Area with no dominantcell This area refers to an area where there is no dominant cell or the dominant cell is changed too frequently. In an area with no dominant cell, handover is performed frequently, system efficiency is reduced, and the dropped-call rate is increased. By adjusting the downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas, you can enhance the coverage of a cell (or near cell) with strong signals and weaken the coverage of a cell (or far cell) with weak signals. In this way, the problem ofthe area with no dominantcell can be solved. 4.1.1.1 Weak Coverage If the RSRP of a area is lower than –105 dBm after being tested by antennas in a car, the area is defined as an area with weak coverage. To solve the weak coverage problem, you can use the following methods: (1) Adjust the direction angles or downtilt angles of antennas, increase antenna heights, use a high gain antenna, and enhance RS power to optimize coverage. (2) If there are a large number of users in a weak area or the coverage of the area is wide, add eNodeBs or adjust surrounding eNodeBs. (3) For weak coverage caused by hollows or hillsides, add eNodeBs or RRUs to expand coverage. For coverage holes in elevator shafts, tunnels,
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 16 underground garages, basements, and tall buildings, add RRUs, indoor distribution systems, leaky cables, and directional antennas. Note that once you solve the weak coverage problem of an area by adjusting antennas, check whether there are new areas with weak coverage. If you cannot solve the weak coverage problem of an area by adjusting antennas, add eNodeBs in the area. 4.1.1.2 Overshoot Coverage Overshoot coverage means that the coverage areas of some eNodeBs exceed the planned areas, and discontinuous dominant areas are formed in the coverage areas of other eNodeBs. To solve the overshoot coverage problem, you can use the following methods: (1) Reduce downtilt angles of antennas. (2) Adjust direction angles of antennas. (3) Lower antennas. (4) Change antennas. Use a low gain antenna instead or replace the mechanical downtilt antenna with an electrical downtilt antenna. Replace the wide lobe beam antenna with a narrow lobe antenna. (5) Reduce the power of the cell with overshoot coverage. (4) If overshoot coverage is caused because an eNodeB is too high and other methods do not work, consider adjusting network topology and relocate the eNodeB. 4.1.1.3 No Dominant Cell An area with no dominant cell means that there is no obvious dominant cell or the dominant cell is changed frequently in the area. In this area, handover is performed frequently, system efficiency is reduced, and the dropped-call rate in increased. An area meeting the following conditions is an area with no dominant cell:
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 17 (1) There are three or more cells of which RSRP is higher than –100 dBm (RSRP is –95 dBm when antennas are placed outside the car). (2) RSRP of the cell with the strongest signals - RSRP of the cell with the second strongest signals < 6 dB. For an area with no dominant cell, perform the following operations: (1) Determine the dominant cell in the area first according to distances. (2) Check whether the signal strength of the dominant cell is higher than –95 dBm. If not, adjust the downtilt angles, direction angles, and power of the antennas of the cell. (3) After the dominant cell is determined, adjust antennas, feeders, and parameters to suppress the signal coverage of other cells. (4) Adjust the handover parameters such as CIO of the cell to affect terminal handover. You can reduce the handovers with far neighbor cells or increase the handovers with near cells. Note that this adjustment is not recommended because it cannot improve the SINR of coverage. It is recommended to use the above three methods. This method can be used to optimize network performance only when the problem of no dominant cell cannot be solved. 4.1.2 Uplink Coverage Problem Analysis Uplink coverage problem analysis refers to the analysis of UE Tx Power obtained through DT. If UE Tx Power is higher than the threshold, the uplink coverage problem may exist. Mark the areas with uplink coverage holes, and check whether there are RSRP coverage holes. There are uplink and downlink weak coverage problems, solve the downlink coverage problem first and then solve the uplink coverage problem. If there is only the uplink weak coverage problem, you can eliminate uplink interference, adjust the direction angles and downtilt angles of antennas, and add tower mounted amplifiers to solve the problem. In practice, UE transmit power is rarely noted. During the uplink rate test, the UE keeps operating at a high rate and the transmit power is very high. Therefore, the
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 18 faulty area is difficult to find even if the values are formulated in a curve chart or a geographical distribution map. If there is uplink interference from the outside world, you can find it through the uplink RSSI statistics and frequency spectrum scanning result of the cell. 4.1.3 Unbalanced Uplink and Downlink Coverage Unbalance uplink and downlink coverage means that in the target coverage area, downlink coverage is good while uplink coverage is limited (the transmit power of the UE reaches the highest power but cannot meet the uplink BLER requirement), or downlink coverage is limited (the transmit power of the dedicated downlink channel code reaches the highest power but cannot meet the downlink BLER requirement). Unbalanced uplink and downlink coverage can easily cause call loss, and the common phenomenon is that uplink coverage is limited. To solve the unbalanced uplink and downlink coverage problem, you can use the following methods: 1. For unbalanced uplink and downlink coverage caused by uplink interference, monitor the RSSI statistics and frequency spectrum scanning of the cell to determine whether there is interference. 2. If uplink coverage is limited but there is no interference, add uplink diversities (4R) and tower mounted amplifiers to expand uplink coverage. 4.1.4 External Interference Problem Analysis Interference problem analysis includes uplink interference problem analysis and downlink interference problem analysis. If there is interference, the cell capacity is affected. If interference is great, call loss and access failures are caused. 1. Downlink interference analysis Locate the problem by analyzing the SINR received by the scanner in DT. If RSRP coverage is good but the SINR is lower than the threshold, the downlink interference problem exists. Mark the areas where the SINR is degraded, and check the downlink RSRP coverage of the areas. If the downlink RSRP coverage is poor, it means that a coverage problem exists and must be solved through coverage
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 19 problem analysis. If RSRP is good but the SINR is low, the downlink interference problem is determined. Analyze the interference cause and solve the problem. 2. Uplink interference problem Determine the uplink interference problem by checking the noise floor of each cell. If the noise floor of a cell is high but there is no corresponding heavy traffic, it means that the uplink interference problem exists. Analyze the interference cause and solve the problem. 4.1.5 Handover Problem Analysis The cluster optimization phase involves handover parameter optimization and neighbor cell optimization. 1. Handover parameter optimization. 2. Neighbor cell optimization focuses on missed neighbor cells. Missed neighbor cells may cause call loss during handover. You can provide neighbor cell addition, deletion, and reservation suggestions for each cell according to drive testing data analysis software and statistics analysis. 3. It is recommended to enable the ANR function in SON and set the threshold for deleting incorrect neighbor cells. A handover problem may occur when the handover area size is not proper or the signal strength in the handover area changes. If the handover area is too small and the car speed is too high, there is not enough time to complete the handover procedure and handover fails. If the handover area is too large, too many system resources may be occupied. In addition, if the signal strength in the handover area is changed frequently, handover is performed frequency and ping-pong effect is caused. As a result, too many system resources are occupied and the dropped-call rate is increased. To solve the handover problem, you must control the position and size of the handover area and ensure that the signal strength related to handover is changed stably. The position and size of the handover area must be taken into consideration during planning. The position and size should be adjusted during optimization according to the actual environment, and determined according to the average duration of a handover and the general car speed in the area. Prevent the handover area from being in a corner, because additional propagation loss can be caused,
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 20 signals can be attenuated quickly, and the size of the handover area can be reduced. If corners cannot be avoided, ensure that signals at the corners are strong enough. Do not set the handover area at a crossroads, in a region with heavy traffic, or in a VIP service zone. You can adjust the direction angles and downtilt angles of antennas to change the location and signal distribution of the handover area. If the handover area is too small, you can reduce the downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas to solve the problem. If signals are changed frequently in the handover areas, consider adjusting the downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas to ensure that the signal strength in each cell is changed stably. 4.1.6 Analysis of Other Coverage Optimization Problems 1. Feeder connection problem According the coverage test result of an eNodeB to check whether the coverage signals of the cell are the same as those of the planned cell. Determine whether there are feeders connected incorrectly. When the RRU is not mounted on the tower, the antenna of each of the three cells of the direction eNodeB 2T2R has two feeders. On the eNodeB, the feeders are connected to jumpers and access the eNodeB cabinet. The connection may have faults. The two feeders of an antenna may be connected to any one or two cells, so the signals from the antennas of three cells may be from any one or two cells of the eNodeB. If the RRU is mounted to the tower, cells may be misconnected. For example, cell A is connected to cell B, and cell B is connected to cell A. During optimization, the coverage signals of cells must be checked eNodeB by eNodeB according to the coverage test result to see whether they are consistent with the planned coverage cells. The strongest signals detected by an antenna are from the cell corresponding to the antenna. If strong signals of other cells are detected, check whether feeders are not connected properly. If feeders are not connected properly, contact device engineers to check feeder connections. 2. Antenna and environment problems According to the network-wide coverage test result, check whether there are overshoot coverage signals and whether there are coverage signals obviously
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 21 weaker than the expected signals. For cells with these problems, check whether the direction angles, downtilt angles, and heights of antennas match the design, and whether the isolation meets the design requirements. In addition, check whether antennas are blocked on the main lobe direction, and whether guyed masts are vertical. If the actual direction angles and downtilt angles of antennas do not match the design, the main reason is that the engineering team does not completely follow the work flow according to diagrams and planned data. In addition, devices, for example, the compass, may have errors. The direction angle error of 5° is acceptance. The downtilt angle error larger than 2° has a great impact on coverage. During optimization, you may find that there are obvious blocks in the main lobe direction of antennas. As a result, coverage holes are caused. To solve this problem, you can adjust the direction angles of antennas. If the actual downtilt angles of antennas do not match the design, the reason is that the guyed masts of antennas are not vertical, or downtilt angles are not measured properly. An easy method to measure downtilt angles is to use the antenna-attached scale papers provided by the antenna manufacturer. You should attach scale papers to antennas first, and then adjust them with a ruler. Note that before using this command, ensure that the guyed masts or supports of antennas are vertically installed on the ground so that the downtilt angles of antennas can be measured properly. For antennas installed on towers or antennas of which guyed masts are mounted to walls, ensure that their guyed masts are vertical to the ground. Another method to measure downtilt angles properly is to use a bubble level directly. The above problems can be found through the measurement of special tools. Once a problem is found, contact the engineering team to solve it. If there are blocks or guyed masts cannot be vertical to the ground, you can adjust the direction angles and downtilt angles of antennas. If the downtilt angles of antennas are reduced, overshoot coverage can be easily caused and interference can be easily increased. If downtilt angles are increased, coverage holes can be easily caused, and too large downtilt angles can cause beam distortion and create new interference. Therefore, the downtilt angles of antennas must be adjusted properly to ensure network performance. Direction angle adjustment can solve the problems of a large scale of weak coverage, and downtilt angle adjustment can solve coverage distance problems. The
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 22 prerequisite to ensure engineering quality is that the engineering team followings the work flow strictly. The verification check performed by device engineers after installation is also important. 3. eNodeB hardware problem Another thing that you should pay attention to during coverage optimization is that you must ensure the transmit power of an eNodeB is sent properly from the RF end to the antenna. The standing wave ratio is an important indicator. Before optimization, ensure that the standing wave ratio of LTE working frequency of each cell is lower than 1.5. Device engineers measure the standing wave ratio by using a standing wave ratio tester before devices are installed, or the standing wave ratio is measured in batches on the back end. For unqualified antenna and feeder systems, they must be modified in a timely manner. 4.2 Common Coverage Optimization Methods Coverage optimization principles: Principle 1: Optimize RSRP first and then the RS SINR. Principle 2: The two key tasks of coverage optimization are weak coverage elimination and cross coverage reduction. Principle 3: Optimize areas with weak coverage and overshoot coverage first, and then optimize areas with no dominant cell. Principle 4: Perform adjustment in the following order: downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas, RS transmit power, antenna heights, eNodeB reallocation, and eNodeB addition. 4.2.1 Antenna and Feeder Optimization Methods 1. Adjust direction angles of antennas. Direction angles of antennas are adjusted to change the coverage areas of cells. When the direction angles are adjusted by 5° or 10°, there are not big changes. Therefore, direction angles are generally adjusted by more than 10° at 5° intervals.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 23 To set and calculate downtilt angles of antennas properly, refer to “Antenna Downtilt Angle Formula” and “For insufficient coverage or for sectors for the dominant coverage in the areas with no dominant cell, only ensure that there is no overshoot coverage after optimization. Antenna downtilt angles can be smaller than those calculated through formula 1 or even smaller than those calculated through formula 2. ”. 2. Adjust downtilt angles of antennas. Downtilt angles of antennas are adjusted to change the coverage radius of cells. The mechanical downtilt angles of antennas are generally adjusted by 0° to 10°. In practice, note that downtilt angles cannot be too large. Otherwise, forward transmitted waveforms may be distorted. Many existing antennas support electrical downtilt, so you can adjust the electrical downtilt angles of antennas remotely first. 3. Adjust antenna heights. This adjustment is mainly for high and low eNodeBs. If an eNodeB is in a too high or low place, serious overshoot coverage or insufficient coverage is caused. If the coverage problems cannot be solved after the downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas are adjusted and mechanical downtilt antennas are replaced with remote electrical tilt antennas, you can adjust antenna heights or relocate the eNodeB. 4. Adjust antenna positions. 5. Modify antenna and feeder connections (if the connections are incorrect). 6. Replace antennas. Antenna model adjustment means to replace omni antennas with directional antennas, or replace 90° antennas with 65° antennas, or replace mechanical downtilt antennas with fixed electrical downtilt antennas or remote electrical tilt antennas. Determine the replace as required. 7. Adjust accessories such as tower mounted amplifiers, power dividers, and feeders. Two recommendations for antenna and feeder coverage optimization: 1. Before adjusting antennas and feeders, carry out a survey on the related eNodeBs and provide reasonable coverage optimization suggestions.
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 24 (1) If you cannot carry out a survey on site, you can view historical site survey reports and pictures. (2) If you are also a planning engineer, it is important for you to know the environment and provide reasonable coverage optimization suggestions. 2. If conditions permit, you can perform adjustment and analysis at the same time to reduce workload. (1) With the cooperation of engineering personnel, try two to three adjustments and perform onsite tests, analysis, and comparison to determine the optimal adjustment plan. (2) This helps you gather coverage adjustment experience. 4.2.2 Parameter Optimization 4.2.2.1 Neighbor and PCI Adjustment Improper neighbor cell planning may result in poor receiving signal quality, handover failure, and call loss, and can affect network performance. During PCI planning, note that the PCI mode 3 values of any two adjacent sectors of an eNodeB must be different. 4.2.2.2 Handover Parameter Optimization Improper handover thresholds may result in the early or late handover of terminals to neighbor cells. Therefore, you need to check whether handover parameters need to be adjusted according to the actual drive testing result. 4.2.2.3 Power Parameter Optimization During optimization, the downlink power parameters that need to be modified include RS, maximum cell power, Pa, and Pb. The following is only a brief description. 4.2.2.4 RS Setting 1. Cell-specific Reference Signals Power (RS) indicates the power (absolute value) of cell reference signals. Cell reference signals search for cells, estimate
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© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 25 downlink channels, detect channels, and directly affect cell coverage. This parameter is notified to UEs in SIB2 broadcast mode, and is constant in downlink system bandwidth and all subframes except when the SIB2 message is updated (for example, RS is enhanced). 2. Range: (–60…50) Step: 0. 1, unit: dBm. 3. Description: Downlink channel power is set on the basis of reference signal power. Therefore, the setting and change of reference signal power affect downlink power. Too high RSRP causes areas with no dominant cell and inter-cell interference. Too low RSRP causes cell selection or reselection failure and data channel demodulation failure. 4.2.2.5 Cell Transmit Power Settings 1. Cell Transmit Power indicates the maximum transmission power of a cell of the eNodeB, and is required to be lower than or equal to the rated power of the RRU. 2. Range: 0–50, Step:0. 1, unit: dBm. 3. Description: depends on network planning and expected coverage and determines the maximum transmission power of the cell. This parameter ensures valid coverage and avoids overshoot coverage. This parameter indicates the total transmission power of the multiple antennas of a cell. 43 dBm corresponds to 20 W, and 46 dBm corresponds to 40 W. A.1 Antenna Downtilt Angle Formula Antenna downtilt formula 1: Θ = atan (2H / L ) * 360 / (2 * ) + / 2 - e_γ Antenna downtilt formula 2: θ = atan (H / L ) * 360 / (2 * ) - e_γ where θ indicates the initial mechanical downtilt angle of the antenna, H indicates the valid height of the eNodeB, L indicates the distance between the antenna to the
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ZTE Confidential Proprietary
© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 26 eNodeB cell in the positive direction, indicates the vertical field angle, and e_γ indicates the electrical downtilt angle. Descriptions of the formulas: 1. Formula 1 is used for eNodeBs in dense urban areas to most antenna power can cover the coverage and reduce interference to neighbor cells. When setting the initial downtilt angle of an antenna, you should make the half power point on the main lobe of the antenna aim at the coverage edge (defined as L+L/2). It is not recommended to use this formula to plan the initial downtilt of the antenna. Otherwise, the initial downtilt angle may be too large and cause network coverage problems. This formula is mainly used as a reference for optimization. 2. Formula 2 is a general formula mainly used for suburbs, villages, roads, and seas to make coverage wide, reduce the initial downtilt angle, and make the maximum gaining point of the main lobe of the antenna aim at the position in the position direction of the eNodeB. 3. In actual wireless network optimization, the optimization setting of the antenna downtilt angle depends on the analysis of drive testing data. According to the SINR coverage diagram of each PCI, the coverage of each sector can be determined. For sectors with overshoot coverage, you can consider increasing the downtilt angles of antennas according to formula 1. Because downtilt angle settings are related to the environment, coverage optimization requires great experience. For sectors with serious overshoot coverage, antennal downtilt angles set during optimization may be much larger than those calculated through formula 1.
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ZTE Confidential Proprietary
© 2016 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. 27 For insufficient coverage or for sectors for the dominant coverage in the areas with no dominant cell, only ensure that there is no overshoot coverage after optimization. Antenna downtilt angles can be smaller than those calculated through formula 1 or even smaller than those calculated through formula 2. A.2 Downtilt Angle Calculation Methods You can determine whether a downtilt angle is proper in the following ways: 1. Obtain the theoretical proper downtilt angle through simulation. 2. Determine whether the downtilt angle is proper according to drive testing data.
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