The document describes the anatomical differences between the shoulder and forelimb bones of horses, oxen, and camels. Specifically:
1) It compares features of the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and digits between the three animals, noting differences in structures like the acromion process, spine, tuber spinae, and glenoid fossa.
2) For the humerus, it notes horses have a well-defined neck while camels have an undefined neck, and other structural differences.
3) For the metacarpals and digits, it describes horses having an extra medial bone, while oxen and came
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Comparative anatomy of forelimb of camel , ox and horse
1.
2. Scapula
Humerus
Radius and ulna
Manus includes
Carpus
Metacarpus
digits
3.
4.
5.
6. Character Horse Ox Camel
Acromion Absent Blunt, don’t
reach at level of
Glenoid Cavity
Beak like, reach
at level of
Glenoid cavity
Spine Less sinuous Sinuous Straight
Tuber Spinae Well prominent Less prominent Absent
Supraspinous
1:2 1;3 4:5
fossa to
infraspinous
fossa ratio
Glenoid Notch Present Absent Absent
Glenoid
Separated from
Tuberosity
Glenoid cavity
Close to Glenoid
cavity
Separated from
Glenoid cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Deep Shallow Very shallow
7.
8. Character Horse Ox Camel
Lateral
tuberosity
Divided into
cranial and
caudal Part
Divided Undivided
Head Has clear and
well defined
neck
Very clear neck Undefined neck
Intertubercle
Groove
Divided by
intermediate
tubercle
Undivided Divided by
intermediate
tubercle
Deltoid
Tuberosity
Well prominent Small Very small and
at higher level
Musculo-spiral
groove
Very clear Shallow then Shallow then
horse horse and ox
Olecranon and
Radial fossa
Deep Very deep Wide but
shallow
9.
10. Character Horse Ox Camel
Interoceous 1 2 1
space
Ulna Reduced Complete Reduced
Radial Well prominent Not prominent Prominent
Tuberosity
Proximal discontinuous discontinuous continuous
Articular surface
11.
12. Character
Carpal bones
Horse Ox Camel
7-8 6 7
Proximal Row 4 4 4
Distal Row 4 3. 2nd and 3rd
2 are fused
Horse OX Camel
13. Horse:
2nd and 4th metacarpals bones are situated on either side of
the large metacarpal which is 3rd
Ox:
the metacarpus consists of a
metacarpal.
large metacarpal and a lateral
small metacarpal bone. The results
and
large metacarpal bone
from the fusion of the 3rd 4th metacarpal bones.
Camel:
The only 3rd and 4th metacarpal present . Both bones are
fused except in distal one fifth, where they diverge to form
their own articular surface.
In ox and camel distal end of metacarpal
has two articular surfaces because they
have two digits
15. Horse:
Horse has one digit containing three phalanges, two proximal
and one distal sessamoid bone. The third phalanx
enclosed in hoof.
OX:
is entirely
Four digits are present in ox. Of the two 3rd and 4th are fully
developed
each. The
and have three phalanges and three sesamoids
2nd and 5th are vestiges and
on or two small
are placed behind the
fetlock each contains bones which don not
articulate with the rest of the skeleton.
Camel:
Two digits are present in each forelimb. Each digit consists of
three phalanges and two proximal seasamoid bones. In camel
distal sesamoid bone is absent.
17. What is Manus?
How scapula of horse, ox and camel is
different? describe at least with 3points?
Write anatomical differences of Humerus
Bone in horse and Camel?
Describe anatomy of Ulna in Horse, Ox,
Camel?
How metacarpal of horse is different from
horse and ox metacarpal?
Briefly describe digits of Ox?
