Ring worm in domestic animals. Clinical signs and treatment in different animals Ringworm is a common infection of the skin caused by fungi. They affect human and animal superficial keratinized tissue (hair, nail, and skin) caused by dermatophytes' invasion of keratinized epithelial cells and hair fibres. It has a distinctive character that is alopecia with or without crust formation in circular scaly areas . This disease is a widespread disease that exists in all animals and humans as well. Etiology : - Two species Isolated [ Microsporum and Trichophyton ] Cattel ➞ T. verrucosum Horses ➞ T. equinum, M canis and T. mentagrophytes Dogs And Cats ➞ M. canis,M. gypseum and the T. mentagrophytes Camel ➞ T.mentagrophytes Epidemiology :- occurs in all animal species in all countries but more commonly where animals are accommodated in dense groups, especially indoors and in young age are more susceptible . Transmitted by Direct Contact with infected animals is the common method of spread And Indirect contact with inanimate objects, particularly bedding, harness, grooming kits and horse blankets . Pathogenesis:- ➢ Ringworm fungi attack keratinized tissues, particularly the stratum corneum and hair fibers, resulting in autolysis ofthe fiber structure, breaking off the hair, and alopecia. ➢ Exudation from invaded epithelial layers, epithelial debris and fungal hyphae produce the dry crusts which are characteristic of the disease. ➢ The lesions progress if suitable environmental conditions for mycelial growth exist, including a warm humid atmosphere, and a slightly alkaline pH of the skin. Ringworm fungi are all strict aerobes and the fungi die out under the crust in the center of most lesions, leaving only the periphery active. Clinical signs:- A-Cattle & buffaloes: ➢ The typical lesion is a heavy, gray-white crust raised perceptibly above the skin. ➢ The lesions are roughly circular and about 3 cm in diameter. ➢ In the early stages the surface below the crust is moist, in older lesions the scab becomes detached and pityriasis and alopecia may be the only obvious abnormalities. ➢ Lesions are most commonly found on the neck, head and perineum but a general distribution over the entire body may occur, particularly in calves, and in severe cases the lesions may coalesce. B-Sheep & goats: ➢ The lesions occur on the head, rarely in the fleeced areas and, although they usually disappear in 4-5 weeks, the disease may persist in the flock for some months. ➢ The lesions are discrete, round, almost bald patches covered with a grayish crust. ➢ Similar lesions occur in goats, but they are distributed generally over all parts of the body. Horses : - ➢ typically dry forms of the disease. characterised by small tufts of spiky hair which soon fall out . ➢ alopecic areas covered by greyish scales with an underlying dry integument . Camel : - ➢ The Classic Lesion of Camel Ringworm is non-pruritic And Alopecic with a gray – white , Thick crust That Cant be pulled

1. DERMATOOHYTOSIS
Prepared By
D / Asmaa Kassem
[ Ring Worm ]

2. Definition :-
Ringworm is a common infection of the skin caused by fungi.
They affect human and animal superficial keratinized tissue
(hair, nail, and skin) caused by dermatophytes' invasion of
keratinized epithelial cells and hair fibres. It has a distinctive
character that is alopecia with or without crust formation in
circular scaly areas . This disease is a widespread disease that
exists in all animals and humans as well.

3. Etiology : -
Two species Isolated [ Microsporum and Trichophyton ]
Cattel ➞ T. verrucosum
Horses ➞ T. equinum, M canis and T. mentagrophytes
Dogs And Cats ➞ M. canis,M. gypseum and the T.
mentagrophytes
Camel ➞ T.mentagrophytes

4. Epidemiology :-
occurs in all animal species in all countries but more commonly
where animals are accommodated in dense groups, especially
indoors and in young age are more susceptible .
Transmitted by Direct Contact with infected animals is the
common method of spread
And Indirect contact with inanimate objects, particularly
bedding, harness, grooming kits and horse blankets .

5. Pathogenesis:-
➢ Ringworm fungi attack keratinized tissues, particularly the
stratum corneum and hair fibers, resulting in autolysis ofthe
fiber structure, breaking off the hair, and alopecia.
➢ Exudation from invaded epithelial layers, epithelial debris and
fungal hyphae produce the dry crusts which are characteristic of
the disease.

6. ➢ The lesions progress if suitable environmental conditions for
mycelial growth exist, including a warm humid atmosphere, and
a slightly alkaline pH of the skin. Ringworm fungi are all strict
aerobes and the fungi die out under the crust in the center of
most lesions, leaving only the periphery active.

7. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
A-Cattle & buffaloes:
➢ The typical lesion is a heavy, gray-white crust raised
perceptibly above the skin.
➢ The lesions are roughly circular and about 3 cm in
diameter.
➢ In the early stages the surface below the crust is
moist, in older lesions the scab becomes detached and
pityriasis and alopecia may be the only obvious
abnormalities.

8. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
A-Cattle & buffaloes:
➢ Lesions are most commonly found on the neck, head
and perineum but a general distribution over the entire
body may occur, particularly in calves, and in severe
cases the lesions may coalesce.
➢ Itching does not occur and secondary acne is
unusual.

9. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
B-Sheep & goats:
➢ The lesions occur on the head, rarely in
the fleeced areas and, although they
usually disappear in 4-5 weeks, the
disease may persist in the flock for some
months.

10. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
B-Sheep & goats:
➢ The lesions are discrete, round, almost
bald patches covered with a grayish crust.
➢ Similar lesions occur in goats, but they
are distributed generally over all parts of
the body.

11. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
C-Horses : -
➢ typically dry forms of the disease. characterised by
small tufts of spiky hair which soon fall out .
➢ alopecic areas covered by greyish scales with an
underlying dry integument .
➢ Lesions are generally few in number, limited in
size,and non-itchy unless the animal develops a type 1
hypersensitivity reaction .

12. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
C-Horses : -
➢ localized areas like the head and withers before
spreading to the chest. After hair is shed, the skin
covered with small follicular pustules which, when
squeezed, emit itchy-grey-reddish material.

13. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
D- Camel : -
➢ The Classic Lesion of Camel Ringworm is non-
pruritic And Alopecic with a gray – white , Thick
crust That Cant be pulled out of the skin .

14. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
D- Camel : -
➢ On many parts of the body , especially
the Flunk , Shoulder .

15. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
E- Dogs & Cats : -
➢ Clinical signs can include any combination of hair
loss, scaling, crusting, erythema, papules,
hyperpigmentation, and variable pruritus.
➢ Nodular lesions (kerion) reactions can develop in
dogs. Persian cats can develop nodular lesions
(pseudomycetomas).

16. CLINICAL SIGNS:-
E- Dogs & Cats : -
➢ Cats can also develop exudative paronychia.
Pustular dermatophytosis can mimic clinical
signs of dermatophytosis

17. Diagnosis : -
1-Field diagnosis: Based mainly on typical circular areas of
alopecia, seasonal incidence and age of the infected
animals.
2-Laboratory diagnosis: Specimens: Skin scraping, blood
and serum.

18. Laboratory procedures:
➢ Demonstration of spores and mycelia in skins
crapings and in culture. Skin scrapings should be made
after defatting the skin with ether or alcohol and gently
warming the scraping in a 20% solution of either
potassium or sodium hydroxide.

19. Laboratory procedures:
➢ Examination of the skin of infected animals to
detect the fluorescence associated with some fungal
infections can also be a useful clinical aid but many
trichophyton fungi do not fluoresce, whereas
petroleum jelly and other oily skin dreSSings may do
so. Fungal hyphae in tissues can be identified, even
down to the genus, by the use of immunofluorescent
staining.

20. Laboratory procedures:
➢ Culture of scrapings on specific media as sabourds dextrose agar media is very
important. IX. Differential diagnosis:
➢ Inherited para keratosis: characterized by tenacious thick crusts which respond
quickly and completely to dietary supplementation with zinc.
➢ Sarcoptic mange: in which mites can be demonstrated in scrapings; there is
intense pruritus and a quick response to standard insecticides.
➢ Psoroptic mange: identifiable by the presence of mites in scrapings X.

21. Treatment:
➢ Many recorded cures are no doubt due to strategic treatment just prior
to spontaneous recovery, but treatment is widely practiced, and
recommended because it greatly reduces contamination of the
environment by infected animals.

22. Treatment:
1-Local treatment:
➢ The crusts should be removed by scraping brushing with a soft wire brush and burned; the
medicament should be brushed or rubbed in vigorously.
➢ Suitable topical applications include a weak solution of iodine, Whitfield's ointment,1 0 %
ammoniated mercury ointment, and solutions of quaternary ammoniumcompounds
(1:200-1 :1000), propionicand undecylenic acid ointments.
IN Dogs & Cats :- Use ➞ Topical As " Miconazole➞ Twice /Week , Or Colitrimazole ➞ Twice
/Week "
➢ These topical treatments are probably of greater value in the early stages of an outbreak
when the lesions are small and few in number .

23. Treatment:
2-Systemic treatment:
In Farm Animal :-
➢ Systemic treatments recommended for use in farm animals include the intravenous
injection of sodium iodide (1 g/14 kg body weight) as a 10% solution repeated on several
occasions,
Ivermectin in treatment of ringworm disease in cattle with 90% clearance rate at a dose of 200
micrograms /Kg. B . Wt.
In Dogs & Cats :-

Ketoconazole ➞ 10 mg/kg q24h. p.o For 2 – 4 Weeks
Itraconazole ➞ 5 mg/kg q24h p.o For 2 – 4 Weeks

24. Control:
A. Hygenic measures:
➢ Isolation and treatment of infected animals, the provision of separate
grooming tools, horse blankets and feeding utensils, and disinfection of
these items after use on affected animals are necessary if the disease is to
be controlled.
➢ Cleaning and disinfection of stables with a commercial detergent or a
strong solution (2.5-5 %) of phenolic disinfectant, 5% lime sulfur, 5%
formalin, 3% captan or 5% sodium hypochlorite is advisable where
practicable.

25. Control:
B . Vaccination
➢ Vaccines include those containing highly immunogenic, nonvirulent
strains, or attenuated 8 strains of fungi, or those killed vaccines containing
specific fractions of mycelia.
➢ Vaccination of all animals in the group is recommended, and isolation
and treatment of infected and disinfection of premises must be carried out
at the same time.
➢ The vaccine is almost totally without side effects except for very rare
deaths due to anaphylaxis.

26. Thank You