Why device, WIFI, and ISP insights are crucial to supporting remote Microsoft...
Kundiwam irrigation 2013
1. 2013
Institute of Geology
University of the Punjab
KUNDIWAM IRRIGATION SCHEME _
BOUNDARY DEMARCATION SURVEY
Submitted To: Sir. Ali Murad Kisana
Subject: Geodesy and Surveying
Submitted By: Atiqa Ijaz Khan
Roll no: Geom-02
Dated: 28th Dec, 2013
3. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
Chapter 1
ntroduction
I
Talking about boundary demarcation surveys, first it is important to know what
actually the demarcation is? Internationally, 3 of the terms used that are
jumbled with each other, like, delimitation, demarcation, and delineation. But,
technically, they differ in their meanings.
Delimitation:
One of the statements regarding this is as follows:
“It is the legal process by which the two sovereign nations establish and describe in
writing the location of their common boundary. This is the task of diplomats and
treaty negotiators, and it may require more than a single agreement.”
(The Demarcation and Maintenance of International Boundaries, Dr. Alec McEwen)
It should then coincide with the line on the map. Or if it is written text, then care
should be taken to use the proper words, without any doubt.
Demarcation:
It is explained in the following terminology:
“It is a field operation; its purpose is to mark the position on the ground for all to
see.”
(The Demarcation and Maintenance of International Boundaries, Dr. Alec McEwen)
A joint commission of equal number of members from each country undertakes it. It
may call the physical marking on the ground.
2
4. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
Delineation:
It may become clear from this:
“It is the graphical or the mathematical representation of the boundary.”
(The Demarcation and Maintenance of International Boundaries, Dr. Alec McEwen)
Mostly, a joint commission undertakes both of the demarcation and delineation.
They then publish the results that include reports, photographs, other illustration,
maps, and tables showing geographical positions of the monuments, and survey
control stations.
Allocation
Delimition
Demarcation
Maintenance
Mangement
Overview of Definitions:
At times, delimitation and demarcation overlaps, till the late ends of 19 th century, the
1st attempt were made to separate them.
The first attempt to separate the two stages was made by Captain A. H. (later Sir
Henry) McMahon at a meeting of the Royal Artillery Institution in 1896. During the
discussion of a singularly dull paper by Lt. Col. Trotter on the demarcation of the
Sierra Leone boundary (Trotter, 1897), McMahon said:
“I think when one is talking of a science it is not out of place to consider the name of
that science. In my opinion, delimitation (which, as we know, is a new word, not to
be found in any dictionary, at least not in Webster or Johnson or any classical
dictionary) means the laying down – not the laying down on the ground, but the
definition on paper, either in words or on a map – of the limits of a country.
Delimitation covers...all the preliminary processes and procedure involved before a
boundary is laid down on the ground... Having done all that, you then come to
work on the ground, and then the process ceases to be delimitation and becomes
demarcation.”
3
5. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
McMahon’s suggestion only gradually caught on. The 1902 Award in the ArgentineChile Case (Edward VII 1902) refers to ‘definition’ and ‘delineation’ of the border
followed by ‘fixing the boundary on the spot’, though the accompanying report by
Col. Sir Thomas Holdich (Holdich, 1902) refers to ‘the actual demarcation’. By the
time Lord Curzon came to give the Romanes Lectures (Curzon, 1907) the idea seems
to have taken hold as he adds a footnote to the word ‘demarcation’.
“I use the word intentionally as applying to the final stage and the marking out of
the boundary on the spot. Diplomatic agents and documents habitually confound
the meaning of the two words ‘delimitation’ and ‘demarcation’, using them as if
they were interchangeable terms. This is not the case. Delimitation signifies all the
earlier processes for determining a boundary, down to and including its
embodiment in a Treaty or Convention. But when the local Commissioners get to
work, it is not delimitation but demarcation on which they are engaged.”
Preparation Phase of Demarcation:
The few of the steps are as follows that are used in the preparation of international
demarcation. But these steps can be used up to requirement for local area
demarcation.
They are as follows:
Preparation Phase:
1. Reaching and maintaining the political consensus.
2. Creating an institutional framework (joint commission).
3. Securing the finance.
4. Training of the boundary workers.
5. Legal and technical data collection.
6. Social and geographical settlements.
7. Will of local community.
8. Evaluate the working condition.
Field Work:
1. Identify the ground control points.
2. Recover the old marking.
4
6. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
3. Rebuild or destroy the old markings.
4. Build new intermediate markings.
5. Survey all boundary marks.
6. Perform computational analysis.
7. Compile up satellite images.
8. Map all features.
9. Produce boundary map.
So, by the term “Boundary Demarcation Survey” means all the procedures,
preparation, and field work that the boundary workers do for marking the boundary
on the ground for all to see.
Uses:
This type of survey can be used in:
1. Marking the International boarders
2. Marking Property boundaries
3. Marking Reservoir boundaries
4. For Residential Land Use
5. For Revenue generation
6. By Municipal committees
5
7. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
R
2013
eservoir Boundary Demarcation
One of the applications of the Boundary Demarcation Survey is in the dam
reservoir estimation. By surveying the correct control points, the area and
capacity calculation of the reservoir is done accurately.
Now what is reservoir?
“A reservoir is a large, artificial lake created by constructing a dam across a river.”
While broadly speaking, any lake or water pool may be included in this term.
Fig.1. Dam Reservoir
Reservoir can be:
1. Single-purpose Reservoir
2. Multi-Purpose Reservoir
Reservoirs can be of many types:
1. Storage Reservoir
2. Flood Control Reservoir
3. Distribution Reservoir
4. Balancing Reservoir
5. Hydropower Reservoir
6
8. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
6. Irrigation Reservoir
Available Storage Capacity of a Reservoir:
Whatever may be the use of a reservoir, its most important function is to store water
during floods and to release it later. The storage capacity of a reservoir is, therefore,
its most important characteristics. The available storage capacity of a reservoir
depends upon the topography of the site and the height of dam. To determine the
available storage capacity of a reservoir upto a certain level of water, engineering
surveys are usually conducted.
For accurate determination of the capacity, a topographic survey of the reservoir area
is usually conducted, and a contour map of the area is prepared. A contour plan of
the area is prepared to a scale of 1 cm = 100 m or 150 m with a contour interval of 1 to
3 m, depending upon the size of the reservoir. The storage capacity and the water
spread area at different elevations can be determined from the contour map, as
explained below:
Area-Elevation Curve:
From the contour plan, the water spread area of the reservoir at any elevation is
determined by measuring the area enclosed by the corresponding contour.
Generally, a planimeter is used for measuring the area. An elevation-area curve is
then
drawn
between the
area
as abscissa
the
elevation as
surface
and
ordinate.
Fig.2. EAC Curve
7
9. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
Elevation-Capacity Curve:
The storage capacity of the reservoir at any elevation is determined from the water
spread area at various elevations. The following formulae are commonly used to
determine the storage capacity (i.e. storage volumes):
Fig.3. ECC Curve
1. Trapezoidal Formula
2. Cone Formula
3. Prismoidal Formula
Combined Diagram:
It is the usual practice to plot both the elevation -area curve and the elevationstorage curve on the same paper. The reader should carefully note the abscissa
marking as the areas and volumes increase in the opposite directions
8
11. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
Chapter 2
Objective
The objective is to study the reservoir of a dam by using survey data.
Study Area
The study area belongs to the “Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme” South Waziristan,
FATA, Pakistan, on the Tank-Wana Road.
Data Sources
The data is available in by precise survey of that particular area for the year 2010.
Data Format
The data is in auto-cad drawing format. The contours lines are measured and
mentioned.
Software
The software used is:
1. Auto-cad (2007)
2. Arc GIS (9.3)
3. Microsoft Excel (2013)
Given Task
Our task is to measure the elevation, area and volume of the reservoir. In order to
show the relation between, elevation-capacity curve and elevation-area curve.
Methodology
It includes 2 major steps as follows:
Step 01:
1. Open ArcGIS V9.3.
10
12. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
2. Add Cad File... double click... just add “POLYLINES”, because we have to take
in contours only.
3. Export those lines by right clicking the added file.
4. Now go to the “SELECTION BY ATTRIBUTES”:
a. Select from Exported file.
b. Apply query as: “Layers = INDEX OR Layers= INTERMEDIATE”.
c. Check the UNIQUE VALUES for “INDEX & INTERMEDIATE”.
d. Press OK.
5. Contours are selected in a result of the above selection.
6. Export that selection to get Only contours.
7. Create a polygon shape file with projection “Pak Zone 1”.
a. For this add, pre-defined projection file for “Pak Zone 1 & 2” in
“:C/Program Files/ArcGIS/Coordinate Systems”.
8. Select the MAXIMUM CONTOUR (1393m) by Selection Feature from general
toolbar.
9. Mark boundary around the maximum contour, including the Dam Axis, but
nothing beyond axis. And another polygon around the dam axis with much
larger horizontal extent as polygon_2.
10.
CLIP the contours within the boundary by using: “Analysis-Extract-
Clip”.
a. Input=Contours
b. Clip=Boundary
11. Open Attribute Table of Clipped feature, and sort out for Zero Elevation
(check the min = 1379 and re-check the max = 1393).
12. Convert the Clipped feature into DEM and also the 2nd polygon, separately, by
using: “3D Analyst-Raster Interpolation-Topo to Raster”.
a. Input= Contour & Boundary
b. For Contour: Select Elevation
c. For Boundary: Select FID
d. Cell size=1
13. Can also convert the Clipped feature and polygon_2 in TIN, by: “3D AnalystCreate/modify TIN-Create TIN from Features”.
14. Now note down the Area(2D), Surface Area(3D), and Volume, after every
0.5m by using : “3D Analyst-Surface Analysis-Area/Volume” as:
11
13. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
a. Height of plane=1
b. CHECK: statistics below the plane
c. Z=1
d. Click Calculate Statistics every-time.
Step 02:
1. Note down the values of Elevation, Area, Surface Area and Volume.
2. Add the values in the excel sheet, note pad or word.
3. Create 5 graphs in Excel as:
a. Create a graph of Elevation Vs Area (EAC).
b. Create a graph of Elevation Vs Surface Area.
c. Create a graph of Elevation Vs Volume (ECC).
Graph’s Units:
1. EAC curve in Meters.
2. EAC curve with surface area in Meters.
3. ECC curve in Meters.
4. ECC curve with Volume in Acre feet.
Observation and Calculations
Following figures describe the process and observations as:
Fig.5. Input data in Cad format
12
2013
14. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
Fig.6.Extracted data from Cad drawing
Fig.7. Output raster
13
2013
21. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
The following are the results tabular form:
No
Serial
Minimum Value
Maximum Value at
at 1379 m
Summation
1393 m
01.
Area (m2)
43.06
119845.75
1684031.85
02.
Surface Area (m2)
43.06
122590.76
1711308.17
03.
Volume (m3)
0.45
811985.94
7751891.4
0.000364821
658.2875574
6284.559133
04. Volume (acre feet)
Table.2. Results
20
22. Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey
2013
References
1. Criteria for determining municipal boundaries and categorization of
Metropolitan municipalities (Bid no ao3/2010mdb),
Report prepared for: municipal demarcation board
By: Professor Robert Cameron, Department of political studies, University of
Cape Town, Professor John Meligrana, School of urban and regional planning,
Queen’s university, Kingston, Canada
2. Delimitation and demarcation of boundaries in Africa. The user’s guide
African union border programme (aubp)
3. The demarcation and maintenance of International boundaries,
Prepared for the Canadian Commissioner of the Canada/United States
international boundary commission, who presented it at a training workshop
on the demarcation and maintenance of International boundaries, held at the
University of Durham, 8-10 July 2002, By Dr. Alec McEwen
4. Chapter 3: Reservoir, Ce_05016_ch3_4
5. Mapping in support of frontier arbitration: Delimitation and demarcation
By: Dennis Rush-Worth
21
