To know about fungicide

1. A
Presentation
on
FUNGICIDE
SUBBMITTED TO;-
MR. SHRINATH SHARMA
SUBMITTED BY;-
ASHOK KUMAR(K13601)
NILESH KUMAR(K13603)

3. Contents
• Introduction
• Hexachlorobenjene
• Carbendazim
• Carboxin
• Titraconazole
• Validamycin
• Uniconazole
• Epoxiconazole
• Pencycuron
• Phosphite
• Natamycin

4. introduction
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill
fungi or fungal spores. A fungistatic inhibits their growth. Fungi can cause
serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality, and
profit. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in
animals. Chemicals used to control oomycetes, which are not fungi, are also
referred to as fungicides, as oomycetes use the same mechanisms as fungi
infect plants.
Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic. Contact fungicides are
not taken up into the plant tissue and protect only the plant where the spray is
deposited. Translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper,
sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface. Systemic fungicides are taken
up and redistributed through the xylem vessels. Few fungicides move to all parts of a
plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upwardly.
Most fungicides that can be bought retail are sold in a liquid form. A very common
active ingredient is sulfur. present at 0.08% in weaker concentrates, and as high as
0.5% for more potent fungicides. Fungicides in powdered form are usually around
90% sulfur and are very toxic. Other active ingredients in fungicides include
rosemary oil, jojoba oil, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, and the beneficial fungus
Ulocladium oudemansii.

5. Hexachlorobenjene
IUPAC name;-
Hexachlorobenzene
Other names;-
Perchlorobenzene; Benzene hexachloride; HCB; BHC
Physical and chemical properties
HCB is a white crystalline solid that has negligible
solubility in water (0.00000002 M) and variable
solubility in different organic solvents. It is most soluble
in halogenated solvents like chloroform (approx 0.03
M) less soluble in esters and hydrocarbons (approx
0.020 M), and even less soluble in short chain alcohols
(0.002-0.006 M). Its vapour pressure is 1.09×10−5
mmHg (1.45 mPa) at 20 °C. Its flash point is 242 °C and
it sublimes at 322 °C.

6. Carbendazim
IUPAC name;-
Methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate
Other names;-
Mercarzole
Carbendazole
Carbendazim is a widely used, broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide and a
metabolite of benomyl. It is also employed as a casting worm control agent in
amenity turf situations such as golf greens, tennis courts etc. and in some countries is
licensed for that use only.
The fungicide is used to control plant diseases in cereals and fruits, including citrus,
bananas, strawberries, pineapples, and pomes. It is also controversially used in
Queensland, Australia on macadamia plantations. A 4.7% solution of carbendazim
hydrochloride, sold as Eertavas, is marketed as a treatment for Dutch elm disease

7. Carboxin
other name ;-
2-Methyl-N-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-
oxathiin-3-carboxamid
•Carbathiin
•Vitavax
IUPAC Name;-
carboxin
Carboxin ist eine chemische Verbindung aus der Gruppe der Oxathiine und
Carbonsäureamide welche von Uniroyal (heute Chemtura in den 60er Jahren als Fungizid
eingeführt wurde. Carboxin war das erste vermarktete Fungizid mit systemischer
Wirkung.[

8. Titraconazole
Itraconazole (code name R51211), invented in
1984, is a triazole antifungalagent prescribed
to patients with fungal infections. The drug
may be given orally or intravenously.
IUPAC NAME;-
Titraconazole
Other name;-
Sporanox, Orungal
Itraconazole has a broader spectrum of activity than fluconazole (but not as broad as
voriconazole or posaconazole). In particular, it is active against Aspergillus which
fluconazole is not. It is also licensed for use in blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, histoplasmosis,
and onychomycosis.
Medical uses

9. Validamycin
IUPAC name;-
(1R,2R,3S,4S,6R)-2,3-dihydroxy-6-
(hydroxymethyl)-4-{[(1S,4S,5S,6S)-4,5,6-
trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-
1-yl]amino}cyclohexyl β-D-glucopyranoside
Other names;-
Validamycin A; Valimon; Validacin
Validamycin is an antibiotic and fungicide produced
by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used as an
inhibitor of trehalase. It is used for the control of
sheath blight of rice and damping-off of cucumbers.

10. =
Epoxiconazole
IUPAC name;-
(2RS,3SR)-1-[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-epoxy-
2-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole
Epoxiconazole is a fungicide active ingredient
from the class of azoles developed to protect
crops. In particular, the substance inhibits the
metabolism of fungi cells infesting useful plants,
and thereby prevents the growth of the mycelia
(fungal cells). Epoxiconazole also limits the production of conidia (mitospores).
Epoxiconazole was introduced to the market by BASF SE in 1993 and can be
found in many products and product mixtures targeting a large number of
pathogens in various crops. Crops are, for example, cereals (mainly wheat,
barley, rye and triticale), soybeans, banana, rice, coffee, turnips, and red as well
as sugar beets

11. Uniconazole
IUPAC name;-
(E)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-
(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol
Uniconazole is a triazole chemical used as a
plant growth retardant. It is active on a wide
range of plants and acts by inhibiting the
production of gibberellins.
Application methods
Uniconazole products can be sprayed onto plant foliage or
applied to the soil. After it is taken up by plant roots,
uniconazole is translocated in the xylem. The restricted-
entry interval for Concise or Sumagic is 12 hours.

12. Pencycuron
IUPAC name;-
1-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea
Pencycuron is a phenylurea fungicide developed by Bayer Crop Science and marketed under
the brand name Monceren. It has specific activity against the plant pathogen Rhizocton
solani for which it was developed.

13. Phosphite
IUPAC Name;-
Phospite
A phosphite in inorganic chemistry is a salt of phosphorous acid, H3PO3 and following the
IUPAC naming recommendations the phosphite ion would be PO3−
3, a salt of P(OH)3.
Historically phosphite has referred to salts containing HPO2−
3 and this is because aqueous H3PO3 is not triprotic P(OH)3 but almost exclusively the diprotic
HP(O)(OH)2 (IUPAC recommended name of phosphonic acid. The IUPAC-recommended name
for the HPO2−
3 ion is phosphonate and this naming convention is becoming more common. In the US the
IUPAC naming conventions for inorganic compounds are taught at high school, but not as a
'required' part of the curriculum.A well-known university-level textbook follows the IUPAC
recommendations. In practise any reference to "phosphite" should be investigated carefully
to determine which naming convention is being employed.

14. Natamycin
IUPAC name;-
(1R,3S,5R,7R,8E,12R,14E,16E,18E,20E,22R,24S,25R,2
6S)-22-[(3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-
mannopyranosyl)oxy]-1,3,26-trihydroxy-12-methyl-
10-oxo-6,11,28-trioxatricyclo[22.3.1.05,7]octacosa-
8,14,16,18,20-pentaene-25-carboxylic acid
Natamycin , also known as pimaricin and sometimes sold as Natacyn,
is a naturally occurring antifunga agent produced during fermentation by
the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly found in soil. Natamycin has a very
low solubility in water; however, natamycin is effective at very low levels. Its minimum
inhibitory concentration is less than 10 ppm for most molds. Natamycin is classified as a
macrolide polyene antifungal, and as a drug, is used to treat fungal keratitis, an infection
of the eye. It is especially effective against Aspergillus and Fusarium corneal infections.
Other common members of the polyene macrolide antifungal family are amphotericin B,
nystatin, and filipin. Natamycin is also used in the food industry as a natural preservative.