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Mindfulness - and what else
 it takes to ‘do’ intercultural
    business communication
                                           IATEFL
   Business English Special Interest Group Webinar
                               September 30, 2010


                          Professor Peter Franklin
                                        Konstanz

                                     KIeM Institute for
                           Intercultural Management,
                          Values and Communication
Mindfulness – and what else it …

                    Outline:
                    • What does it take to „do‟ intercultural
                    business communication‟?
                    • What does intercultural competence
                    consist of?
                    • Can intercultural competence be
                    dev-eloped or does it just develop (or
                    not)?
                    • Is there a guiding principle for „doing‟
© Peter Franklin
                    intercultural business communication?
                   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Mindfulness – and what else it …



                        What does it take
                   to communicate successfully
                         across cultures?



© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Mindfulness – and what else it …

                        • Foreign language skills
                        • Knowledge of the target culture

                                                         Is that all?




© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Mindfulness – and what else it …

                        • Intercultural Effectiveness
                        • Intercultural Competence
                        • Intercultural Communication
                             Competence
                        • Transcultural Communication
                             Competence
                        • Intercultural Action Competence

                        • Intercultural Interaction
© Peter Franklin
                        Competence
                   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Intercultural interaction
                           competence
                          is “the competence not only
                         to communicate
                         (verbally and non-verbally)
                         and behave
                         effectively
                         and appropriately
                         with people from other cultural groups,
                         but also to handle the psychological
                          demands and dynamic outcomes that
                          result from such interchanges”
                                                                           (Spencer-Oatey & Franklin 2009: 51)
© Peter Franklin       Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Mindfulness – and what else it …



                               What does intercultural
                               interaction competence
                                      consist of?



© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Kühlmann & Stahl’s findings about
                        expatriate managers (1998)

                     • Tolerance for ambiguity
                     • Behavioural flexibility
                     • Goal orientation
                     • Sociability
                     • Polycentrism
                     • Empathy
                     • Meta-communicative competence


© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
What does intercultural interaction
                       competence consist of? - Some answers
                       from a wide range of research

                   open-mindedness                                                       resilience to stress
                   non-judgmentalness                                                    display of respect/ interest
                   empathy                                                               knowledge of own culture
                   tolerance for ambiguity                                               communication skills
                   flexibility in thinking and                                           knowledge of other cultures
                   behaviour
                                                                                          language proficiency
                   persistence
                   active listening

© Peter Franklin     Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Spencer-Oatey & Franklin’s Model
                       (2009)

                    Message communication
                     competencies
                    Rapport management competencies
                    Intercultural cognitive competencies
                    Intercultural competencies associated
                     with emotional strength

© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Chen and Starosta’s Second Model
                      (2005: 244)

                    Personal                       Communica-                              Psychological  Cultural
                    attributes                      tion skills                             adaptation   awareness
                   Self-                        Message skills                            Frustration            Social
                   awareness                                                              management             values
                   Self-                        Social skills                             Stress                 Social
                   disclosure                                                             management             customs
                   Self-                        Flexibility                               Alienation             Social
                   concept                                                                management             norms
                   Social                       Interaction                               Ambiguity              Social
                   relaxation                   management                                management             systems



© Peter Franklin    Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Chen and Starosta’s Second Model
                      (2005: 244)

                    Personal                       Communica-                              Psychological  Cultural
                    attributes                      tion skills                             adaptation   awareness
                   Self-                        Message skills                            Frustration            Social
                   awareness                                                              management             values
                   Self-                        Social skills                             Stress                 Social
                   disclosure                                                             management             customs
                   Self-                        Flexibility                               Alienation             Social
                   concept                                                                management             norms
                   Social                       Interaction                               Ambiguity              Social
                   relaxation                   management                                management             systems



© Peter Franklin    Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
What does intercultural interaction
                       competence consist of?
                        The ability to master . . .

                         the            Affective process:
                                                            intercultural sensitivity

                         the            Behavioural process:
                                                            intercultural adroitness

                         the            Cognitive process:
                                                            intercultural awareness
                                               ABC competencies
© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
What does intercultural interaction
                       competence consist of?

                       A highly varied set of numerous ABC
                        competencies, of which language
                          proficiency and culture-specific
                              knowledge are only two




© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Mindfulness – and what else it …



                   Can intercultural competence
                    be developed or does it just
                         develop (or not)?



© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Can intercultural interaction
                        competence be developed ... ?
                                                                                                               Can be
                                                                                                             developed
                                                                   Skills                                      through
                                                               Self-concept                                   exposure
                                                                                                                 and
                   Surface:                                                                                  experience
                   easier to
                                                                  Traits,
                   develop                                        motives
                                                                                                                  Core:
                                                           Attitudes,                                            slow to
                                                              Knowledge
                                                           values                                                change


© Peter Franklin    Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Mindfulness – and what else it …


                   Is there a guiding principle for
                       being successful across
                              cultures?



© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Stella Ting-Toomey on
                       Mindfulness


                     “Mindfulness means
                     attending to one‟s internal
                     assumptions, cognitions,
                     and emotions, and
                     simultaneously attuning to
                     the other‟s assumptions,
                     cognitions, and emotions. ”

© Peter Franklin     (Ting-Toomey 1999: 267)
                   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
How do you ‘do’ Mindfulness?

                     Focus with understanding on the
                      cultural context




© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Bill Gudykunst on Mindfulness

                       “When we interact with
                       strangers, we become mindful
                       of our communication. Our
                       focus, however, is usually on
                       the outcome […] rather than the
                       process of communication. For
                       effective communication to
                       occur, we must focus on the
                       process of our
                       communication with
                       strangers.”
© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
                       (Gudykunst 2004: 253–5)
How do you ‘do’ mindfulness?

                       •Focus with understanding on the
                       cultural context
                       •Focus with understanding on the
                       process of communication and
                       cooperation as well as on the
                       outcome




© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
How do you ‘do’ mindfulness?
                    •Create understanding e.g. by
                                     • listening actively
                                     • modifying your language to
                                           make it more
                                     comprehensible
                                     • paraphrasing
                                     • labelling
                                     • summarising
                                     • testing your own understanding
                                     • paying attention to non-verbal
                                               behaviour
© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Available online                                                      Available online
                                  from Amazon                                                                from
                                                                                                       www.bebc.co.uk




© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication        IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
That was it!
                                                          Thank you.

                                             Any questions?
                                             Any comments?
© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
References
                    Comfort, J. & P. Franklin (2008). The Mindful International
                     Manager. Competences for Working Effectively Across
                     Cultures. York
                    Gudykunst, W. B. (2004). Bridging Differences. Effective
                     Intergroup Communication. 4th edition. London
                    Kühlmann, T. & G. Stahl (1998). Diagnose interkultureller
                     Kompetenz: Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines Assessment-
                     Centers. In: Interkulturelle Personalorganisation. C. Barmeyer
                     & J. Bolten, Sternenfels
                    Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Cambridge, Mass.
                    Spencer-Oatey, H. & P. Franklin (2009). Intercultural
                     Interaction. A Multi-disciplinary Approach to Intercultural
                     Communication. London
                    Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across Cultures. New
                     York
© Peter Franklin     Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
Spencer-Oatey & Franklin’s Model
                       (2009)

                    Message communication
                     competencies
                    Rapport management competencies
                    Intercultural cognitive competencies
                    Intercultural competencies associated
                     with emotional strength

© Peter Franklin   Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication   IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010

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Mindfulness - and what else it takes to ‘do’ intercultural business communication

  • 1. Mindfulness - and what else it takes to ‘do’ intercultural business communication IATEFL Business English Special Interest Group Webinar September 30, 2010 Professor Peter Franklin Konstanz KIeM Institute for Intercultural Management, Values and Communication
  • 2. Mindfulness – and what else it … Outline: • What does it take to „do‟ intercultural business communication‟? • What does intercultural competence consist of? • Can intercultural competence be dev-eloped or does it just develop (or not)? • Is there a guiding principle for „doing‟ © Peter Franklin intercultural business communication? Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 3. Mindfulness – and what else it … What does it take to communicate successfully across cultures? © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 4. Mindfulness – and what else it … • Foreign language skills • Knowledge of the target culture Is that all? © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 5. Mindfulness – and what else it … • Intercultural Effectiveness • Intercultural Competence • Intercultural Communication Competence • Transcultural Communication Competence • Intercultural Action Competence • Intercultural Interaction © Peter Franklin Competence Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 6. Intercultural interaction competence is “the competence not only  to communicate  (verbally and non-verbally)  and behave  effectively  and appropriately  with people from other cultural groups,  but also to handle the psychological demands and dynamic outcomes that result from such interchanges” (Spencer-Oatey & Franklin 2009: 51) © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 7. Mindfulness – and what else it … What does intercultural interaction competence consist of? © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 8. Kühlmann & Stahl’s findings about expatriate managers (1998) • Tolerance for ambiguity • Behavioural flexibility • Goal orientation • Sociability • Polycentrism • Empathy • Meta-communicative competence © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 9. What does intercultural interaction competence consist of? - Some answers from a wide range of research open-mindedness resilience to stress non-judgmentalness display of respect/ interest empathy knowledge of own culture tolerance for ambiguity communication skills flexibility in thinking and knowledge of other cultures behaviour language proficiency persistence active listening © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 10. Spencer-Oatey & Franklin’s Model (2009)  Message communication competencies  Rapport management competencies  Intercultural cognitive competencies  Intercultural competencies associated with emotional strength © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 11. Chen and Starosta’s Second Model (2005: 244) Personal Communica- Psychological Cultural attributes tion skills adaptation awareness Self- Message skills Frustration Social awareness management values Self- Social skills Stress Social disclosure management customs Self- Flexibility Alienation Social concept management norms Social Interaction Ambiguity Social relaxation management management systems © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 12. Chen and Starosta’s Second Model (2005: 244) Personal Communica- Psychological Cultural attributes tion skills adaptation awareness Self- Message skills Frustration Social awareness management values Self- Social skills Stress Social disclosure management customs Self- Flexibility Alienation Social concept management norms Social Interaction Ambiguity Social relaxation management management systems © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 13. What does intercultural interaction competence consist of? The ability to master . . .  the Affective process: intercultural sensitivity  the Behavioural process: intercultural adroitness  the Cognitive process: intercultural awareness ABC competencies © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 14. What does intercultural interaction competence consist of? A highly varied set of numerous ABC competencies, of which language proficiency and culture-specific knowledge are only two © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 15. Mindfulness – and what else it … Can intercultural competence be developed or does it just develop (or not)? © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 16. Can intercultural interaction competence be developed ... ? Can be developed Skills through Self-concept exposure and Surface: experience easier to Traits, develop motives Core: Attitudes, slow to Knowledge values change © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 17. Mindfulness – and what else it … Is there a guiding principle for being successful across cultures? © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 18. Stella Ting-Toomey on Mindfulness “Mindfulness means attending to one‟s internal assumptions, cognitions, and emotions, and simultaneously attuning to the other‟s assumptions, cognitions, and emotions. ” © Peter Franklin (Ting-Toomey 1999: 267) Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 19. How do you ‘do’ Mindfulness?  Focus with understanding on the cultural context © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 20. Bill Gudykunst on Mindfulness “When we interact with strangers, we become mindful of our communication. Our focus, however, is usually on the outcome […] rather than the process of communication. For effective communication to occur, we must focus on the process of our communication with strangers.” © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010 (Gudykunst 2004: 253–5)
  • 21. How do you ‘do’ mindfulness? •Focus with understanding on the cultural context •Focus with understanding on the process of communication and cooperation as well as on the outcome © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 22. How do you ‘do’ mindfulness? •Create understanding e.g. by • listening actively • modifying your language to make it more comprehensible • paraphrasing • labelling • summarising • testing your own understanding • paying attention to non-verbal behaviour © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 23. Available online Available online from Amazon from www.bebc.co.uk © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 24. That was it! Thank you. Any questions? Any comments? © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 25. References  Comfort, J. & P. Franklin (2008). The Mindful International Manager. Competences for Working Effectively Across Cultures. York  Gudykunst, W. B. (2004). Bridging Differences. Effective Intergroup Communication. 4th edition. London  Kühlmann, T. & G. Stahl (1998). Diagnose interkultureller Kompetenz: Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines Assessment- Centers. In: Interkulturelle Personalorganisation. C. Barmeyer & J. Bolten, Sternenfels  Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Cambridge, Mass.  Spencer-Oatey, H. & P. Franklin (2009). Intercultural Interaction. A Multi-disciplinary Approach to Intercultural Communication. London  Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across Cultures. New York © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010
  • 26. Spencer-Oatey & Franklin’s Model (2009)  Message communication competencies  Rapport management competencies  Intercultural cognitive competencies  Intercultural competencies associated with emotional strength © Peter Franklin Mindfulness – and what else it takes to „do‟ intercultural business communication IATEFL BESIG Webinar, 30.9.2010