Derivatives markets ppt @ bec doms bagalkot mba

1. DERIVATIVES MARKETS
PRESENTED BY:-
BABASAB PATIL

2. Introduction
 Futures, options, and swaps are complicated
instruments
 However, they have found their way into the risk
management options of just about every major
financial institution
 Derivatives—A financial instrument/contract that
derives its value from some other underlying asset

3. Futures Markets
 Market in standardized contracts for future delivery
of various goods.
 Arose in the mid-1800s in Chicago and
institutionalized an ancient form of contracting
called forward contracting.
 1842, Chicago Board of Trade
 1871, Fire destroyed all records.

4. Futures Contracts vs. Forward Contracts
 Futures Contract
 trade in an organized exchange.
 standardized contract terms.
 contract guaranteed by exchange (clearing corporation)
 Forward Contract
 transaction in which two parties agree in advance on the
terms of a trade to be executed later.
 Non standardized contract terms.
 More flexibility.
 Difficult to find a trading partner.

5. An Overview of Financial Futures
 Future Contract is a contractual agreement that calls
for delivery of a specific underlying commodity or
security at some future date at a currently agreed-
upon price
 There are contracts on interest-bearing securities
(Treasury bonds, notes, etc), on stock indices
(Standard & Poors’ and Japan’s Nikkei index), and on
foreign currencies

6. An Overview of Financial Futures
 Trading in these contracts is conducted on the
various commodity exchanges
 Financial futures were introduced about 30 years
ago and volume now exceeds the more traditional
agricultural commodities

7. Characteristics of Financial Futures
 Standardized agreement to buy/sell a particular asset or
commodity at a future date and a current agreed-upon price
 Designed to promote liquidity—the ability to buy and sell
quickly with low transactions costs
 Promotes large trading volume which narrows the bid-asked
spreads
 Allows many individuals to trade the identical commodity

8. Characteristics of Financial Futures
 Terms specify the amount and type of asset as well
as the location and delivery period
 Financial futures—underlying asset is either a specific
security or cash value of a group of securities
 Stock index futures—contract calls for the delivery of
the cash value of a particular stock index

9. Characteristics of Financial Futures
 Precise terms of each contract are established by the
exchange that sponsors trading in the contracts
 Seller of the contract has the obligation to deliver the
securities at a specified time
 In futures markets, the buyer of the contract is called
long and the seller is called short

10. Price of the Contract
 The price is determined by bidding and offering
that occurs at the location (pit) of the exchange
sponsoring the auction
 The auction process insures that all orders are
exposed to highest bid and lowest offer,
guaranteeing execution at the best possible price

11. Market Structure
 Open outcry
 Traders call out offers to buy or sell.
 Gives appearance of chaos.
 Gives all traders in the pit the opportunity to accept
the offer.
 Seat on the exchange
 Floor Traders

12. Clearing Corporation
 The clearing corporation associated with the exchange acts as
a middleman in the transaction
 Reduce the credit risk exposure associated with future deliveries
 Longs and shorts do not have to worry that the other party will not
perform their contractual obligations
 Requires the short and long to place a deposit (Margin) which is a
performance bond for both the seller and buyer
 Requires that gains and losses be settled each day in the mark-to-
market operation

13. Settlement by Offset
 To insure the obligations are met at the delivery date,
most trades in futures market choose settlement by
offset rather than delivery
 Both parties make offsetting sales/purchases to cover the
contract
 Permits hedgers, speculators, and arbitrageurs to make
legitimate use of the futures market without getting into
technical details of making or taking delivery of assets

14. Using Financial Futures Contracts
 Provides the opportunity to hedge legitimate commercial
activities
 Allows participants to alter their risk exposure
 Hedgers—buy and sell futures contracts to reduce their
exposure to the risk of future price movement
 Permits dealers to cover both the short and long position of a
contract
 Reduces risk since future prices move almost in lockstep with
the price of the underlying asset

15. Hedging Vs. Speculating
 “Short hedgers” offset inventory risk by selling futures
while “long hedgers” offset anticipated purchases of
securities by buying futures
 Speculators
 Purposely take on risk of price movement
 Expect to make a profit on the risky transaction

16. Arbitrageurs
 Arbitrageurs
 Determine the relationship between the price in the
“cash market” and the price in the futures market
 During the delivery period of a futures contract, the
rights and obligations of the contract force the price of
the futures contract and the price of the underlying
security to be identical

17. Arbitrageurs
 If the arbitrageur senses the price relationship
between the futures contract and the underlying asset
is not correct, take actions in the market (buy or sell)
to make a profit which forces the prices into proper
relationship
 The activities of arbitrageurs cause the prices to
converge on the delivery date or be in proper
alignment during periods prior to final delivery
date

18. Liquidating a Position
 Settlement dates
 Nearby contract
 Distant contract
 Cash settlement contracts
 Settlement by offset
 Open interest
 number of contracts obligated for delivery.
 Each open transaction has a buyer and a seller, but for
calculation only one side of the contract is counted.

19. Futures Data
 Wall Street Journal
 Chicago Board of Trade
 Chicago Mercantile Exchange

20. An Overview of Options Contracts
 Options on individual stocks have been traded in
over-the-counter market since nineteenth century
 Increased visibility in 1972 when the Chicago Board
Options Exchange (CBOE) standardized terms of
contracts and introduced futures-type pit trading

21. Stock Options
 Prior to 1973, over-the-counter market
 fragmented
 high transaction costs
 no liquidity
 CBOE established April 26, 1973 and begin trading
options on 16 stocks
 creation of central market place
 introduction of a clearing corporation
 standardization
 secondary market
 June 1, 1977, SEC allowed trading in puts

22. Options
 Contractual Obligations
 Derive their value from some underlying asset
 A specified number of shares of a particular stock
 Stock Index Option—Basket of equities represented by
some overall stock index such as S&P 500
 In options on future contracts, the contractual obligations call
for delivery of one futures contract

23. Call Options
 Buyer of a call option (long) has the right (not
obligation) to buy a given quantity of the
underlying asset at a predetermined price
(exercise or strike) at any time prior to the
expiration date

24. Call Options
 Seller of the call option (short) has the obligation to
deliver the asset at the agreed price
 Therefore, rights and obligations of option buyers
and sellers are not symmetrical
 Buyer of the call option pays a price to the seller for
the rights acquired (option premium)

25. Put Options
 Buyer of a put option has the right (not obligation) to
sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a
predetermined price before the expiration date
 Seller of the option (short) has the obligation to buy
the asset at the agreed price
 The buyer of the put option pays a premium to the
seller

26. Summary
 Option buyers have rights; option sellers have
obligations
 Call buyers have the right to buy the underlying
asset
 Put buyers have the right to sell the asset
 In both puts and calls the option buyer pays a
premium to the option seller

27. Clearing Corporation
 The exchange sponsoring the options trading established rules
for trading
 Standardization is designed to generate interest by potential
traders, thereby contract liquidity
 Clearing Corporation
 Guarantees the performance of contractual obligations
 Buyers and sellers do not have to be concerned with creditworthiness of
their trading partners
 Only matter up for negotiation is option premium—price
buyer pays to seller for rights

28. Using and Valuing Options
 Investors who buy options (puts or calls) have rights,
but no obligations
 Therefore, option buyers will do whatever is in their
best interest on expiration date
 On expiration date, payoff on expiration of a long
call position is either zero (price below exercise price)
or stock price minus exercise price (intrinsic value)
(price above the exercise price)

29. Using and Valuing Options
 A long put position on expiration date has a value
of zero if price is above the exercise price or a
value equal to the exercise price minus the stock
price if price is below the exercise price
 Option Premium—The asymmetry payoff has the
characteristic of insurance which is why the premium
is charged on the transaction

30. Option Premiums - Calls
 Option premiums are determined by supply and
demand
 Call options are worth more (higher premiums) the
higher the price and the greater the volatility of the
underlying asset, and the longer the time to
expiration of the option

31. Option Premiums - Puts
 Premiums on put options will be higher the lower
the price of the underlying asset, greater volatility
of asset and longer time to expiration
 Options are an expensive way to hedge portfolio
risks if those risks are substantial

32. Options Terminology
 Option price (premium) (V)
 Exercise price (strike price) (E)
 Expiration date (maturity date) - Saturday following the 3rd
Friday of specified month.
 American vs. European Options
 American option - may be exercised at any time up to maturity.
 European option - may be exercised only at the date of maturity.
 In-the-money
 Out-of-the money
 At-the-money

33. Pricing of Options
The Pricing of Call Options at Expiration:
If VS < E, the VC=0
If VS > E, the VC= VS-E
The prices of options on stocks without cash dividends depend
upon five factors:
 Stock price
 Exercise Price
 Time until Expiration
 Volatility of the Underlying Stock
 Risk-free Interest Rate

34. Options Investors Buy Hedges,
Then Hunker Down and Wait
 NEW YORK -- Option trading was defensive but noncommittal, mirroring
investors' guarded ambivalence as they endured updates of the Iraq
standoff, terrorism alerts and a reminder from the Federal Reserve about
the precarious state of the economy.
 Here is what one investor did: John Jacobs, who runs the Jacobs & Co.
mutual fund in Charleston, W.V., this week bought 1,500 March 79 puts on
the DJX, which has one-hundredth the value of the Dow Jones Industrial
Average. The puts provide downside insurance through mid-March,
particularly if the Dow industrials remain below 7900. "We're being very
defensive to protect the stock side, where we have been writing covered
calls," he said, referring to the fund's approach of investing in blue-chip
stocks and selling call options against the stocks for income.

35.  To help offset the cost of buying the puts, Mr. Jacobs sold 1,000 DJX
February 77 puts Tuesday, essentially betting the blue-chip index will hold
its ground in the immediate term. Mr. Jacobs said he believes blue-chip
stocks are oversold and could get a small lift from Fed Chairman Alan
Greenspan's somewhat-encouraging comment that capital spending should
improve once the Iraq situation is resolved. Also, he said, any terrorist
attacks that would roil the markets are less likely to occur until after the
hajj, the climax of the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca later this week.
 Mr. Jacobs plans to buy back the February 77 puts later this week,
possibly at a cheaper price because the short-term puts lose their value
rapidly as they approach expiration next week.
 The Dow industrials fell 77 points to 7843.11. At the Chicago Board
Options Exchange, the DJX March 79 puts gained 20 cents to $3.70. The
DJX February 77 puts gained 20 cents to $1.40.

36.  Caution remains the watchword. "In this market, you should be
more concerned about protecting profits than giving up
upside," says Elliot Spar, Ryan Beck & Co. option strategist.
 One way investors protect profits, Mr. Spar said, is with so-
called collars, where an investor sells a call to define a target
price at which he is willing to sell stock while using the
proceeds to buy a put for downside protection. "This puts a
floor under the stock and caps the upside" at the strike price of
the call, he said.

37. Options Data
 Wall Street Journal
 Chicago Board Options Exchange

38. Swaps
 The 1st major swap occurred in August of 1981.
The World Bank issued $290 million in eurobonds
and swapped the interest and principal on these
bonds with IBM for Swiss francs and German marks.

39. An Overview of Swaps
 Two broad varieties—Interest rate swaps and
currency swaps
 Swaps are contractual agreement between two
parties (counterparties) and customized to meet the
requirements of both parties

40. Counter parties
 Fixed-rate payer
 Partyto a swap that makes fixed-rate payments in
exchange for floating-rate payments.
 Floating-rate payer
 Partyto a swap that makes floating-rate payments in
exchange for fixed-rate payments.

41. Obligations of payments every six
months for the duration of the swap

42. Interest Rate Swap
 The fixed-rate payer always pays the same amount
while payments by the floating-rate payer varies
according to the reference rate
 The dollar amount of the payments is determined by
multiplying the interest rate by an agreed-upon
principal (notional principal amount)

43. What determines the rates paid by
both parties?
 Shape of the yield curve—expected rates in the
future
 Risk of default—possibility that counterparties might
default on scheduled interest payments
 Financial institutions facilitate swaps
 Act as the Swap Dealer
 Bring the counterparties together
 Impose their own credit between the counterparties

44. The Swap Dealer
 Commission compensates the dealer
 For matching parties in the swap.
 For risk of default by the counter parties.
 Dealer can reduce risk by diversifying swaps across
many unrelated counter parties.
 Offers liquidity - willing to cancel contract in
exchange for an appropriate payment.

45. Valuing a Swap
 Contracts are traded in over-the-counter market
 It is possible for one of the counterparties to sell their
obligation to another party
 Changing market conditions may cause one party to sell
obligation
 The third party will purchase the swap if it is to their
advantage
 Therefore, swaps produce gains or losses which will ultimate
impact the value of the swap

46. A Simple Interest Rate Swap
This Year
Bank One Bank Two
Two-year loans earn Two-year loans earn 8%
9% fixed variable
Deposits cost 5% Deposits cost 6% fixed
variable

47. Next year – rates go up.
Bank One Bank Two
Loans earn 9% Loans earn 12%
fixed variable
Deposits cost 9% Deposits cost 6% fixed
variable

48. Next Year Rates Go
Down
Bank One Bank Two
Loans earn 9% fixed Loans earn 5% variable
Deposits cost 2% Deposits cost 12%
variable variable

49. Next Year Rates Go Up They swap.
Bank One Bank Two
Loans earn 9% fixed Loans earn 12%
variable
Deposits cost 6% fixed Deposits cost 9%
variable

50. Next Year Rates Go They swap.
Down
Bank One Bank Two
Loans earn 9% fixed Loans earn 5%
variable
Deposits cost 6% fixed Deposits cost 2%
variable

51. Interest Rate Swap

52. Currency Swaps
 Two companies agree to exchange a specific
amount of one currency for a specific amount of
another at specific dates in the future.