The management process consists of four functions: 1. Planning--setting a direction 2. Organizing--bring resources together 3. Leading--creating enthusiasm for work 4. Controlling--ensuring things turn out as desired
. Managerial work involves a variety of roles, which vary in emphasis by managerial level. 1. Interpersonal--figurehead, leader, liaison- -working directly with other people. 2. Informational--monitor, disseminator, spokesperson --exchanging information with other people. 3. Decisional--disturbance handler, resource allocator,--making decisions that affect others.
. Technical--specialized knowledge to perform specialized tasks. 2. Human--ability to work well with others through interpersonal relationships. 3. Conceptual--ability to solve complex problems and view the organization/situation as a whole. Of the three, only human skills remain important across all managerial levels.
Definition: Behavior that is accepted as morally "good/right", as opposed to "bad/wrong" in a setting. 1. Four Views of Ethical Behavior a. Utilitarian--that which delivers the greatest good to the greatest number of people. b. Individualism--that which is best for the individual's long-term self-interest. c. Moral-Rights--that which respects the fundamental rights shared by all human beings. d. Justice--that which is fair and impartial in its treatment of people.
Three perspectives on effectiveness: 1. Individual--emphasizes employee task performance, in regards to ability, skill, and knowledge. 2. Group--the sum of all member's contributions, in regards to the effectiveness of the group structure, cohesiveness, and shared norms and values. 3. Organization--a function of both the individual and group effectiveness. A managers task is to identify the causes of multiple levels of effectiveness.
Individual Differences 1. Competency Characteristics a. aptitude--a person's capacity to learn b. ability--a person's capacity to perform Managers should strive to match individual competencies to required job skills. 2. Workforce Diversity--demographic differences among members in a given workplace (multiculturalism).
Personality--the overall profile of an person 1. problem-solving style--the way a person makes decisions. 2. locus of control--extent a person feels control over his/her own life. 3. authoritarianism/dogmatism--acceptance or disregard for authority. 4. Machiavellianism--the trait of manipulating others for purely personal gains. 5. self-monitoring--a person's ability to adjust to external situational factors. 6. Type A/Type B orientation--obsessive vs. easygoing
Values--broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action. 1. terminal values--goals 2. instrumental values--means for achieving desired outcomes, such as achievement, helping and concern for others, honesty, and fairness
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