Here you can can get a basic idea about a thermal power plant.

2. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SIKKIM MANIPAL INSTITUTE 0F TECHNOLOGY
MAJITAR, RANGPO, EAST SIKKKIM-737136

3. INTRODUCTION
THERMAL POWER PLANT OVERVIEW
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS AND CONCEPTS
 SLD AND FLOW CYCLES
SITE SELECTION FOR THERMAL POWER
PLANT
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
IN THIS PRESENTATION

4. • India is one of the world’s largest consumer of
energy
• Conventional sources: Thermal, Hydro and
Nuclear.
• Non- conventional: Wind, solar, Geothermal, tidal.
• Installed capacity – 1,61,352MW
– Thermal = 95151.74MW
– Nuclear = 4,120MW
– Hydro = 36877.76MW
– solar = 1324.41MW
• Annual power production – 680 billion KWH
INTRODUCTION

5. Break up of Power
• Thermal Power Plants – 75%
• Hydro Electric Power Plants - 20%
• Nuclear Power Plants - 4%
• Solar power plants – 1%
• Installed wind power Generation – 9655MW
• 30% to 40% of electrical power is lost in
transmission and distribution

6. OPERATIONAL FEATURES
INSIDE THE POWER PLANT

7. Coal
Chemical
Energy
Super Heated
Steam
Pollutants
Thermal
Energy
Turbine
Torque
Heat Loss
In
Condenser
Kinetic
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Alternating current
in Stator
Mech.
Energy LossASH
Heat
Loss
Elet. Energy
Loss
SIMPLE STEPS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION:

8. Operations In Thermal Power Station
Step wise operations in a thermal
power plant are as follows:-
Coal is used as a fuel to boil the
water.
Water is boiled to form
pressurized steam.
Pressurized steam is the force that
cause the turbine to rotate at a very
high speed.
Low pressure steam after pushing
through the turbine ,it’s going into
the condenser.
Condenser – the place where the
steam is condensed back it it’s liquid
form .Then the process is
repeated

9. Coal Storage
Coal Handling
Plant
Ash Storage
Ash Handling
Plant Boiler Super
Heater
Economizer
Air
Pre-heater
Generator ExciterTurbine
Chi
mne
y
Cooling
Tower
Make up
Water
Air
Coal
Ash
COAL
ASH
STEAM
WATER
FLUE GASES
Boiler feed
pump
CondenserCEP
Deaerator
ESP

10. Main parts of the plant are :
1. Coal handling Plant
2. DM Plant
3. Boiler
4. Super heater
5. Air preheater and
Economizer
6. Deaerator
7. Turbine
8. Condenser
9. Cooling towers
10. Electrostatic precipitator
11. Smoke stack(Chimney)
12. Generator
13. Transformers
14. Control room &
Switchyard
COMPONENTS

12. Ground Hopper
V1 V2 V3
DRC
I/C
RSC
PRIMARY CRUSHER HOUSE
SECOND. CRUSHER HOUSE
SM
BUNKER

13. • DOUBLE ROLL CRUSHER
• IMPACT CRUSHER
• VIBRATING SCREEN
• CONVEYOR
• MAGNETIC SEPERATOR
• VIBRO FEEDERS

14. DOUBLE ROLL CHRUSHER

15. IMPACT CRUSHER CHP

16. VIBRATING SCREEN CHP-2

17. PROTECTION DEVICES ZERO SPEED
S/W, PULL CORD & BELT SWAY S/W

18. • ZSS:- Zero speed s/w is used to detect jamming/
slow speeding of motor, shaft & thereby
stopping the motor automatically.
• PULL CORD:- Pull cord switch also known as
Rope Operated Emergency switch is used as a
safety switch to stop the conveyor belt in case of
an emergency.
PROTECTION DEVICES ZERO SPEED
S/W, PULL CORD & BELT SWAY S/W

19. BSS:- Belt Sway Switch is a protective switch for
detecting the meandering (sway or deviation) of belt
conveyors, and sends out an alarm signal and an
emergency stop signal.
Suited to be used for belt breakage prevention when
running out of centre & overfeed prevention due to the
belt sway.
Emergency switch: it is present in the field. One can
operate it while some maintenance is going on.

20. DM PLANT
•The main aim of the DM Plant is to de-mineralize the
raw water coming from a water source (in this case
Kharu river nearby) from any mineral presence by
chemical dosing which may be harmful to the pipeline
and boilers.
•Cooling tower also comes under DM Plant.

21. Cooling Tower
• The warm water is taken from the
condenser tubes to about a quarter
of the way up the cooling tower.
• This breaks the water up into a
very fine spray, increasing the
surface area of the water droplets
making it easier to cool.
• The cooling tower is designed as a
natural draught chimney, drawing
cold air from outside through the
falling water.
• Cool water is collected in pond at
the bottom of the cooling tower.
• From here it is pumped back to
the condensers .

22. • To produce steam boiler converts
energy, in the form of coal, into steam
• The boiler is lined with steel tubing in
which pure boiler feed water is turned
to steam by the heat created from the
burning of coal
This plant contains two types of boilers
namely:
I. AFBC(Atmospheric Fluidized Bed
Combustion)
II. WHRB(Waste Heat Recovery Boiler)
Boiler

23. AFBC #1 =125TPH, 490 c,65kg/cm²
AFBC #2 =75 TPH, 490 c,65kg/cm²
WHRB #1=37TPH, 490 c,65kg/cm²
WHRB #2=37TPH, 490 c,65kg/cm²
WHRB#3=11.5TPH, 490 c,65kg/cm²
WHRB#4=11.5TPH, 490 c,65kg/cm²
Boiler details :
TPH=TONNES PER HOUR

24. Waste Heat Recovery
Boiler(WHRB):-
In this type the products of combustion
pass through the tubes which are
surrounded by water.
Atmospheric Fluidized Bed
Combustion(AFBC):-
In this type of boiler water flows inside
the tubes and hot gases flow outside the
tubes. These tubes are interconnected to
common water channels and to steam
outlet.
BOILERS:
•The AFBC boilers have many advantages over the WHRB
boilers
•High evaporation capacity due to availability of large heating
surface.
•Better heat transfer to the mass of water.
•Better efficiency of plant owing to rapid and uniform
circulation of water in tubes.
•Better overall control.

25. This fan forces the atmospheric air
through the boiler furnace and
pushes out the hot gases from the
furnace through superheater,
reheater, economizer and air heater
to stacks.
Forced Draught (FD) Fan
 Here a fan called ID fan is
provided at the outlet of boiler,
that is, just before the chimney.
This fan sucks hot gases from the
furnace through the superheaters,
economizer, reheater and
discharges gas into the chimney.
Induced Draught (ID) Fan
BOILER AUXILLARY :
Primary air fans (PA) are high pressure fans used to
supply the air for the transportation of coal directly to
the furnace .
Primary air (PA) fan:-

26. ECONOMISER
Flue gases coming out of the boiler carries
lot of heat.
ECONOMISER extracts a part of heat
from the flue gases and uses for heating the
feed water.
Thus improves efficiency of plant.
Temp. inside ECONOMISER is about 315
deg c.

27. SUPER HEATER
Super heater is used to remove the moisture content
from the steam.
Super heater raises the temperature of steam above 540 degree C.
Advantages of super heater
1. Increases efficiency
2. Reduces corrosion of turbine blades.

28. AIR PREHEATER
 It is used to preheat the air before entering
into furnace.
It is a heat exchanger in which some
further
heat is extracted from the flue gases and
use to heat the coming air for combustion.

30. BOILER CIRCUIT WITH ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

32. •It is designed to trap and remove
dust particles from the exhaust
gas stream of an industrial
process.
•. Precipitators typically collect
99.9% or more of the dust from
the gas stream.

33. Corona Generation
Particle Charging
Particle Collection
Removal Of Particles
The Precipitation Process Involves
4 Main Functions:-

34. +++++++
-----------
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
collecting
rapperTransformer(415/60kv)
emitting
Toward
ID fan
Flue gas
Functions OF ESP
TO ASH SILO
CHIMNEY
CORONA
heavier ash
particles
lighter ash
particles
INLET = 80 g/m³ OUTLET = 50 mg/m³
DUST
LEVEL/STACK
LEVEL
ASH
SILO
INSULATOR

35. Main Components of Typical TG SET
consists of:
1. Permanent Magnet Generator
(PMG)
2. Automatic Voltage Regulator
(AVR)
3. BRUSHLESS EXCITER
4. GEAR BOX
5. ALTERNATER
6. TURBINE
TURBINE GENERATOR

36. EXCITER
GEAR
BOX
ALTENATOR
P
M
G
TURBINE
AVR
3 Ø
SUPPLY
TO LOAD
INLET TEMP = 484 5 C
INLET PRS = 62-65KG/cm²
SPEED= 7000 RPM
TURBINE GENERATOR SET
STEAM
coupling

37. PMG
3Ø
supply to
load
AVR
ɜ ɜ
3 Ø
AC
ɜ
ɜ
+
-
RECTIFIER
DC SUPPLY
DC SUPPLY
STATOR=MAGNETIC
FIELD
ROTOR= EMF STEAM
BRUSHLESS
EXCITER
ALTERNATOR
TURBINE
ROTOR= FIELD
STATOR =EMF
WORKING OF TUBINE GENERATOR
stator=
PM
Field
exciter
switch

38. ɜɜ
DVM
DFM
CC FREQUENCY CONTROLVOLTAGE CONTROL
INCREASE DECREASE INCREASE DECREASE
11KV
11.2KV
11.2KV
49.8 HZ50 HZ
50 HZ
TG SYNCHRONIZATION
11KV BUS
GRIDGEN
SKE relay

39. PHASE
NEUTRAL
SWITCH
OVERLOAD RELAY
CONTACTOR COIL
(K1)
STOP
NC
HOLDING
NO
DIRECT ONLINE STATER
START
NO

40. WORKING OF STAR DELTA STARTER
Y
R Y B
R
M
A2
A1 B1 C1
C2B2
Y B

41. CB
1250A
TG
3
TG
2
TG
1
CB
3150A
CB
1600A
11 KV BUS
SAT#1
11/6.6KV
387.8A
6.6KV BUS
415 V PCC
SAT#6
11/6.6KV
387.8A
SAT#2
11/6.6KV
387.8A
15 MW
18.75MVA
11KV
37 MW
46.25MVA
11KV
7.5 MW
10MVA
11KV
SAT# 3
6.6/433KV
218.7A
FERROSMS
AFBC#1
LOADS
AFBC#2
LOADS
WHRB’S
LOADS
KILNS
ELECTRICAL SLD FOR 60 MW
6.6 KV MOTORS
132 KV GRID
25 MVA
11/132 KV
TRAFOS
BC1BC2BC3BC4
CB
1600A
CB
1600A
CB
1600A
SAT# 4
6.6/433KV
218.7A
SAT# 5
6.6/433KV
218.7A
SAT# 5
6.6/433KV
218.7A

42. 11KV/132 KV
s
GENERATOR
DISTRIBUTION
11KV/415V
TRANSFORMER
11 KV
RAIPUR BHILAI DURG BILASPURUTILIZATION
HOUSEINDUSTRIES MALLS /
SHOPS
11 KV
132KV/ 11KV
TRANSFORMER
11 KV
5/3/2013

43. OIL TANK
OVERHEAD
TANK
OIL
COOLER
LUBE OIL FILTER
TURBINE
GEAR
BOX
GEN
OIL
PUMP

44. Circulating Water Pumps
• The circulating water pumps are used
to circulate the water from the
cooling tower to the condenser and
back again
Boiler Feed Pump
• The boiler feed pump pumps water
into the boiler, overcoming the boiler
pressure of 160 bar to achieve it
• The pump is driven by a steam
turbine or an electric motor
• It runs at 7,000 revolutions per
minute

45. Low Pressure Feed Heaters
• Feed water from the condensate
extraction pumps passes through low
pressure feed heaters. Steam is used
to heat the feed water
• After the last feed heater, the feed
water is at around 160°C.
High Pressure Feed Heaters
• With a similar purpose to the low
pressure feed heaters, the high
pressure feed heaters are the last
stage of feed water heating before the
feed water enters the boiler system at
the economizer
• Feed water leaving these heaters is at
250°C

46. Condenser
• With its useful energy spent in the
turbines the steam then passes to
condensers
• Here it is condensed back into water
and pumped back to the boiler
• This happens via a series of low
pressure and high pressure feed
heaters
Condensate Extraction Pump
• The condensate water is drawn from
the condenser by the extraction pump
and sent to the low pressure feed
heaters
Deaerator
• A deaerator is a device that is
widely used for the removal of air
and other dissolved gases from
the feed water to steam-
generating boiler.

47. 132 KV SWITCHYARD
47

48. Electrical switchyards are usually part of a substation
where electricity is transformed from one voltage to
another for the transmission, distribution.
48

49. MAIN COMPONENTS OF
SWITCHYARD
1.TRANSFORMER
2.CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
3.POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
4.CIRCUIT BREAKER
5.ISOLATOR
6.INSULATOR
7.LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
8.BUS BAR 49

50. TRANSFORMER
Transformer is the most
convenient device for transfer
of power from one voltage to
another voltage at the same
frequency. It works on the
principle of electromagnetic
induction.
50
Transformers are of two types:
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER –
Step-up the voltage at secondary side called step up transformer.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER –
Step-down the voltage at secondary side are called step-down
transformer.

51. CT is a type of instrument transformer
that is used in power system for
measurement, detection, protection of
the system.
It is a device used to measure large
current by scaling large primary current
to a smaller , easy to measure,
secondary current.
51
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

52. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
These are used to step-down voltage for
measurement .
52

53. A circuit breaker is an
automatically-operated electrical
switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage
caused by overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a
fault condition and, by interrupting
continuity, to immediately
discontinue electrical flow.
It can make or break a circuit
either manually or by remote
under normal or fault conditions.
53
CIRCUIT BREAKER

54. •It is a disconnection switch and to
be operated on no load.
•An isolator switch is used to make
sure that an electrical circuit can
be completely de-energized for
service or maintenance
54
ISOLATOR

55. It provide electrical
isolation of the
equipment, bus bar,
and circuit from the
live parts for
maintenance
purpose.
55
USES OF ISOLATOR

56. An insulator, also called a dielectric,
is a material that resists the flow of
electric
current.
In insulating materials
alliance electrons are tightly-
bonded to their atoms.
Insulator provides necessary
insulation between line
conductor and support.
56
INSULATOR

57. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems
to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging
effect of lightning
USES OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER
It protect the equipment from lightning stroke.
Lightning arrester is used to provide path to
unwanted excessive currents.
57

58. BUSBAR
Conductors to which a
number of circuits are
connected called bus-Bars.
In power plants, shut down
results disconnection of
supply to a large are.
Hence to avoid shut down
the major plants should
have elaborate bus bar
arrangement with duplicate
buses.
58

59. USES OF BUSBAR
Bus bar are used to carry
high current.
59

60. • Fuel used is cheaper
• Smaller space is required compared to hydro power
plant
• Economical in initial cost compared to hydro plants
and running costs are less compared to gas plants or
diesel plants
• Thermal plants can be placed near load centers unlike
hydro and nuclear plants. Hence transmission of
power losses can be minimized
• Thermal plants are able to respond to the load
demand more effectively and supports the
performance of the electrical grid
ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER
PLANT

61. SITE SELECTION
• Transportation network: Easy and enough access to
transportation network is required in both power plant
construction and operation periods.
• Geology and soil type: The power plant should be built in an
area with soil and rock layers that could stand the weight and
vibrations of the power plant.
• Topography: It is proved that high elevation has a negative
effect on production efficiency of gas turbines. In addition,
changing of a sloping area into a flat site for the construction
of the power plant needs extra budget. Therefore, the
parameters of elevation and slope should be considered.

62. • Water resources: For the construction and operating of
power plant different volumes of water are required. This
could be supplied from either rivers or underground water
resources. Therefore having enough water supplies in
defined vicinity can be a factor in the selection of the site.
•Population centers: For the same reasons as above, the
site should have an enough distance from population
centers.
• Area size: Before any other consideration, the minimum
area size required for the construction of power plant
should be defined.

63. Thanks to
Mr. G.S. BHATIA(HOD POWER)
Mr. M. SUBBA RAO(G.M. ELECTRICAL)
Mr. B.D.MISHRA(Sr.DGM. C&I )
Mr. H.M.GUTPA(Sr.DGM. MECH )
Mr. N.V. SREENIVAS(Sr. DGM. OPERATION)

64. AND……
Special Thanks to:
Mr. B.L.VERMA(MANAGER)
Mr. D.CHAKRABARTY(DY. MANAGER)
Mr. U.K.CHOBEY(DY. MANAGER)
Mr. C.K.SONI (Sr. Engineer)
Mr. S SINGH (Sr. Engineer)
Mr. AMRINDER SANDHU(Engineer)
And all staffs & workers of power plant.

66. DOUBLE ROLL CRUSHER
Material to be crushed:-Coal
Capacity :- 80TPH
Feed Size < 150mm
Product size < 50mm (90%)
RPM:- 173.73
Make:-SAYAJI/ELECON

67. TECHNICAL DETAIL OF I/CR
• CAPACITY :-75TPH
• SIZE:-1000Dia X 1000W
• MATERIAL :-Coal, Char
• FEED SIZE:-< 40mm
• PRODUCT SIZE:-< 6mm (65%)
• RPM:- 762

68. WORKING PRINCIPLES:
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION.
WHEN EVER CONDUCTOR IS ROTATED IN MAGNETIC FILED,
EMF IS INDUCED WHICH ARE INDUCED EMF .
1) CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY
2) MAGNETIC FIELD
3) CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FIELD

69. CORONA GENERATION
• DUE TO THE IONISATION OF GAS MOLECULES, + VE IONS, -VE IONS AND
FREE ELECTRONS ARE GENERATED.

70. ESP - PARTICLE CHARGING
• THE -VE CHARGES OF IONS AND FREE ELECTRONS TRAVEL TOWARDS +VE ELECTRODE AND THE
+VE CHARGES OF IONS TRAVEL TOWARDS -VE ELECTRODES.
• WHEN -VE IONS TRAVEL TOWARDS +VE ELECTRODES, THE -VE CHARGES GET ATTACHED TO THE
DUST PARTICLES AND THUS THE DUST PARTICLES ARE ELECTRICALLY CHARGED,