3. Pain is an
unpleasant sensory
and emotional
experience
associated with
actual or potential
tissue damage.
4. a personal private
sensation of hurt.
a harmful stimulus that
signal current or impending
tissue damage.
a pattern of responses to
protect the organism from
burn.
5. whatever the
experiencing
person says it is
existing whenever
the person say it is
6. 1. Pain is a part of aging
2. If a person is asleep, they are
not in pain
3. If pain is relieved by non-
pharmaceutical pain relief
techniques, the pain was not
real anyway
4. Real pain has an identifiable
cause
5. It is better to wait until a client
has pain before giving
medications
7. 6. Very young or very old people
do not have as much pain
7. Some clients lie about the
existence or severity of their
pain
8. Addiction occurs with
prolonged use of morphine or
morphine derivatives
9. The same physical stimulus
produces the same pain
intensity, duration and distress
in different people
8. 10. Clients experience severe pain
only when they have had major
surgery.
11. The nurse or other health care
professionals are the
authorities about a client’s pain
12. Visible or physiologic or
behavioral signs accompany
pain and can be used to verify
its existence.
10. Radiating pain
perceived at the source of
the pain and extends to the
nearby tissues
Referred pain
felt in a part of the body that
is considerably removed or
far from the tissues causing
the pain
13. the amount of
pain stimulation
a person
requires before
feeling pain
least level of
pain that the
patient is able
to detect
14. Includes the ANS and behavioural
responses to pain
types:
ANS response
autonomic reaction of the body that often
protect the individual from further harm.
(automatic withdrawal of hand from hot
object.)
Behavioural response
is a learned response used as a method
of coping with pain.
15. maximum
amount and
duration of pain
that an individual
is willing to
endure
greatest level of
pain that the
patient is able to
tolerate
21. Pain Fibers Fibers
Pain
There are two
separate pathways
that transmit pain
impulses to the
brain:
(1) Type A-delta
fibers
are associated
with fast,
sharp, acute
pain and
2) Type C fibers
are associated
with slow, chronic,
aching pain
24. no pathologic cause
Caused:
Mental
Emotional
Behavioral factors
induced by
social
rejection, broken
heart, grief, love
sickness, or other
such emotional
events.
28. Alcoholism
Amputation
Back, leg, and hip problems
Chemotherapy
Diabetes
Facial nerve problems
HIV infection or AIDS
Multiple sclerosis
Spine surgery
29.
30. Painful
perception
perceived in a
missing body
part or in a
body part
paralyzed from
a spinal cord
injury
31.
32. Thistype of
pain is a
chronic pain
that is
resistant to
cure or relief.
40. Categories of pain
according to its
1. Origin
2. Onset
3. Cause or etiology
41. 1. Superficial Cutaneous Pain
occurs over body surface or skin
segments.
2. Deep Somatic Pain
occurs in the skin, muscles and joints
(musculoskeletal –
muscle, bone, periosteum, cartilage, ten
dons, deep
fascia, ligaments, joints, blood vessels
and nervous)
3. Visceral Pain
42. Acute pain
following acute injury, disease or
some type of surgery
Chronic
malignant pain
associated with cancer or other
progressive disorder
Chronic
nonmalignant pain
in the persons whose tissue injury
is non progressive or healed
43.
44. Mechanical
trauma
blockage of body duct
tumor
muscle spasm
Thermal or cold
extreme heat
Chemical
Tissue ischemia Blocked artery
Stimulation of pain receptors
accumulation of lactic acid
47. Factors
influencing
reaction to
pain
Psychological
Physiological
Cultural
48. Infant:
perceive pain and respond to its increasing
sensitivity
Toddler:
respond by crying and anger because they
perceive it as a threat to security or sense that
pain is a punishment
School age:
try to be brave and not to cry or express much
pain so parents and nurse will not be angry with
them
Adolescent:
may not want to report pain in front of peers
because they perceive complaints of pain as
weakness
Adult:
may not report pain for fear that it indicates
poor diagnosis. Nurse may mean weakness and
failure
56. A drug delivery system which is a safe
method for post operative, trauma &
obstetrics, burns, terminal care pediatrics
and cancer pain management
Involves self IV drug administration
Goal : to maintain a constant plasma level
of analgesic so that the problems of client
with needed dosing (PRN) are avoided
Client preparation & teaching is important
Check IV line & PCA device regularly
57.
58. Easy access for clients for medication
Allows self administration with no risks
Pain relief without depending on nurses
Small doses of medications at short
intervals for sustained pain relief
Stabilized serum drug levels
Decreased anxiety
59. Patient becomes dependent on PCA
If mobility is contraindicated, client may move due
to decreased or no pain by PCA
Respiratory depression
Side effect may be constipation
Mechanical failure of pump
Relatives may press button for client
Wrong programming parameters
Incorrect placing of syringe can cause infusion of
excessive drug doses
Costly & if client may not understand the system
70. Goals:
to provide comfort
to correct physical dysfunctions
to alter physiological responses
to reduce fears associated with pain related
immobility
Examples:
1. Acupressure / acupuncture
2. Cutaneous stimulation (massage, heat
application, TENS)
3. Binders, Chiropractic
85. Visual Score
0 1-2-3 4-5-6 7-8 9-10
Verbal Score No Hurts Hurts a lot Really hurts Extremely
pain little a lot hurts
Observer Appears Comfortable Uncom- Distressed Distressed
scoring pain free except on fortable can be
movement comforted