2. • 1927 Less than 5% of peasants were on
collective or state farms
• 1928 War scare made industrialisation more
urgent which meant getting more grain out of
the peasants
• Mid 1929 Grain procurement crisis. The
peasants were not selling their food
3. • Dec 1929 Stalin announced the'liquidisation of
kulaks as a class' in the hope that this would scare
the middle and poor peasants into joining the
kolkhozes. 1million -2million kulak families were
deported and 30,000 were shot.
• Jan 1930 Stalin announced 25% of grain
producing areas to be collectivised by the end of
the year. He wanted to break the peasant
stranglehold on the economy
4. • Jan 1930 25,000 urban party workers( known as
Twenty Five Thousanders) sent on 2 week course
and then to oversee the collectivisation of the
countryside
• 1st Feb 1930 Decree gave local party organisation
the power to use 'necessary force' against the
kulaks- shooting, deportation, Gulag labour
camps
• Feb 1930 Propaganda campaign to extol the
virtues of collective farms and to inflame class
hatred
5. • Peasant resistance of collectivisation-riots,
armed resistance, burning crops, tools and
houses rather than hand them over to the
state. Women's action very effective
• March 1930 Stalin back tracked and called for
a return to voluntary collectivisation. Huge
numbers of peasants abandoned the
collectives and went back to farming for
themselves
6. • 1931 After the harvest was collected in peasants forced
back into collectives they had left
• End 1931 50 % of peasant households collectivised and
22.8 million tons of grain collected by the state but
grain production had fallen because of the chaos
• Spring 1932 Famine began and lasted to 1934. Millions
died
• 1935 Special charter to improve payments in the
Kolkhozy and o give owners of small plots more legal
security
• By 1937 93 % peasants were on collectives
7. Tasks
• What sort of state was emerging? ( What
words would you use to describe the
Collectivised State)
• What methods were used in the process of
collectivisation?
• What was the experience like for the peasants
–positive and negative?
8. What sort of state was emerging
• Desire to break the peasant stranglehold over the economy shows
Stalin's desire to control the economy- State control of the
economy
• Desire to have and industrialised state- Communism is highly
industrialised
• Shows a high degree of control from the centre- Authoritarian and
Dictatorship
• Reacting to public pressure from those in the cities- Protecting his
position
• Stops the rise of a middle class - Socialism
9. What does the process tell us about
the type of state?
• Stalin had to drag the country to socialism and
used force and terror to achieve this -
Authoritarian and Repressive
• The party was taken by surprise at the speed of
collectivisation-Dictatorship
• Regime did not care what the peasants thought
and imposed its will -Dictatorship
•
10. What was the experience like for the
peasants
• The peasants lost land, economic freedom and freedom of
movement with internal passports.- The second serfdom
• The use of the OGPU and the Twenty five thousands
deportation and labour camps - Repression
• Some improvements with own small plots, crèches,
restaurants and communal buildings- Benefits of Socialism
• Peasants had no incentives to improve someone else's
land- Lack of personal drive in Socialism
11. Types of collectives 161 SHP
• Kolkhozy –farmed owned and partly organised by
the state but worked on by peasant farmers not
directly employed by the state. Members could
own a house, a small plot of land and a few
animals ( Pure collectives)
• Sovkhozy- Farms owned by the state and worked
on by state employers. (State collectives)
• MTS (machine and tractor stations) 2500 of them,
machinery could be hired out for 20% of produce,
also means of control to guard against unrest,
ensure grain quotas handed over in Kolkhozy.
12. Plenary
• Look at 161 of SHP
• Which type of collective do you think was
best? Why?
• ILT Add Collectivisation to your agricultural
timeline
