Social Psych- Social Cognition Group Project(2)-2

By: Shacelie Stephenson, Bethany Watson, Kayla
Preston, Sam Rezac
SOCIAL COGNITION
Social Cognition: The study of how people perceive, remember,
and interpret information about themselves
and others.

Shacelie Stephenson: Racism
Bethany Watson: Prejudice
Kayla Preston: Sexism
Sam Rezac: Stereotypes
SUBCATEGORIES

RACISM LITERATURE REVIEW
Racism: Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or
institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one
racial group over another.
How African American Professional Men Negotiate the Impact of Racism on
Their Career Development
- Hypothesis: African American men will face more discrimination and have a harder
time moving up in their careers and becoming “professionals” than their White male
counterparts.
- Method: Qualitative research design; 14 African American professional men were
given individual and focus group interviews.
- Results: African American professional men experience repressive structures
(constrain career development) and facilitative structures (promote career
development);
- Take home: Though African American men face repressive structures hindering them
from advancing in their professional jobs, they can overcome these obstacles by
developing facilitative structures to help their career development.

RACISM LITERATURE REVIEW
White Colorism
- Hypothesis: White observers will assess that lighter skinned African Americans and
Latinos as more intelligent when compared to darker skinned African Americans and
Latinos.
- Methods: American National Election Study (includes results of a vocabulary test and
10 point continuum of skin tone); Interviewers were asked to rate respondent’s
intelligence from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high) with only information pertaining to their
skin tone.
- Results: African Americans and Latinos deemed to have lighter skin tones were
significantly more likely to be viewed as intelligent by white viewers.
- Take home: People are more prone to view people of color with lighter skin tones as
more intelligent and it can potentially lead to self fulfilling prophecy in individuals with
darker complexion. Also, this could potentially be applied to other aspects, like
perceived attractiveness, innocence, work competence, etc.

Entitativity and Intergroup Bias: How Belonging to a Cohesive Group Allows People
to Express Their Prejudices
Hypotheses: H1: People will think prejudice and discrimination are more socially
acceptable when committed by members of more- versus less-entitative groups.
H2:Perceiving one’s own group as more versus less entitative will disinhibit the
expression of prejudice against out-groups.
Method: H1: identified a racial group and how entitative the group is, then as how
socially acceptable it would be to discriminate against each other H2: read about 2
groups with differing degrees of interdependence, then responded to social
acceptability question as well as another task that differed in similarity
Results:H1: entitative groups are given more license to be prejudice against non-
entitative groups. H2: belonging to an entitative group makes the expression of bias
seem more socially acceptable
What this means: people believe that people in entitative groups are more socially
acceptable to be prejudiced
PREJUDICE LITERATURE REVIEW
Prejudice: Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in a certain group.

Relatively Socially Acceptable Prejudice Within and Between Societies
Hypotheses: acceptability of certain prejudices within a society (Study 1) and between
societies (Study 2), using (less) internal motivation to control prejudice as an indicator
of social acceptability.
Method: H1: filled out questionnaires assessing their internal and external motivation
to control prejudice against people with schizophrenia and against Black people.
H2:completed surveys about their motivation to control both anti-homosexual and
unspecified prejudice.
Results: 1: people who discriminated again people with schizophrenia was more socially
acceptable than against black people(UK). 2: there was a greater social acceptability
against homosexual men in Jamaica than in the UK and the USA.
What this means to me: People with mental illnesses are more likely to be objected to
prejudice.
PREJUDICE LITERATURE REVIEW

Insidious Dangers of Benevolent Sexism: Consequences for Women’s Performance
• Hypothesis:
1.) Benevolent sexism, compared with hostile sexism, would lead to the deterioration
of women’s performance.
2.) Benevolent sexism would lead to greater mental intrusions and that this would be
revealed through greater preoccupation with the task, greater doubts, and impaired
performance self-esteem.
3.) Level of mental intrusions elicited by benevolent sexism would mediate its impact
on women’s performance
• Method: Women were applying for a job usually for men, recruiter expressed hostile or
benevolent sexism, women were measured based on preoccupation of task,
self-doubt, self-esteem
• Results: Benevolent sexism worse than violent sexism for women’s cognitive
performance
• What I took from it: Women who say that they look for chivalrous men are actually
hurting their perceived abilities
SEXISM LITERATURE REVIEW
Sexism: Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or intuitional and
cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.

Attitude Changes in Children After Exposure to Stories About Women in
Traditional or Nontraditional Occupations
• Hypothesis:
1.) Girls who were exposed to women occupying nontraditional roles would
perceive typically male jobs as more attractive than girls who were read stories
about women in traditional occupations.
2.) girls exposed to stories with women in nontraditional roles. would judge
typically male adjectives to refer to both males and females more than girls
read traditional stories
• Methods: Four stories, two with traditional, two with nontraditional
Posttest: picture-choice test, girls picked which job they would
rather have, job checklist, adjective checklist.
• Results: Girls in the nontraditional group picked nontraditional pictures,
jobs and adjectives.
• What I took from it: Girls are being limited through what they learn is the
“right” way to behave
SEXISM LITERATURE REVIEW

Gender Roles and Humor in Advertising: The Occurrence of Stereotyping in
Humorous and Nonhumorous Advertising and its Consequences for Advertising
Effectiveness
Hypothesis: Women are involved with nonhumorous advertisement, while men are
associated with humorous; Traditional male stereotypes are more common in humorous
ads and traditional female stereotypes are more common in nonhumorous ads.
Methods: During a period of 2 weeks in December 2011, 2 popular television channels in
Germany were monitored for 4 nonconsecutive days. All shows that aired between 6 pm
and 10 pm were recorded (prime-time for commercials).
Results: 54% of the central figures were female, 45% of the central figures were male. Men
were more likely than women to be seen in humorous ads.
My thoughts: This is similar to how I imagined the results. Women are primarily placed in
advertisements for sex appeal and “womanly duties” (cleaning, cooking, etc.), so it makes
sense that they are in nonhumorous advertisements and the central figure more frequently.
STEREOTYPES LITERATURE
REVIEW
Stereotype: A belief or association that links a whole group of people with
certain trait or characteristics.

Academic Self-Concept in Black Adolescents: Do Race and Gender
Stereotypes Matter?
Hypothesis: There is a relationship between academic performance (both
in-group and out-group) and academic self-concept.
Methods: Participants- 254 7th and 8th grade African American students
from 5 schools in the southeastern region of the United States. Visuals were
presented and the students had to decide how well a particular child (black,
white, boy, girl, rich, poor) would perform in certain tasks (sports, reading,
math, etc.).
Results: Girls were rated higher in academic areas, but girls were better in
reading/writing, while boys were better in science/math.
My thoughts: My thoughts were similar to the results of this experiment.
Reading and writing were always considered more girl based subjects than
math and science, so I assumed the students would also adhere to that
stereotype. An interesting finding was that for the most part, girls were
attuned to gender, while boys considered race, gender, and self-concept.
STEREOTYPES LITERATURE
REVIEW

Participants: 18 total; 5 Men, 13 Women
Instruments: Sona- Systems, Social Media (Facebook)
Procedures: Survey including a vignette, Likert scales, demographics, and
multiple choice.
Hypothesis:
Bethany: Females have more prejudice beliefs than males.
Shacelie: People will generally be more in favor of David, the white
participant, getting the job than Jamal or Jose, the people of
color.
Kayla: Males have more sexist views than women.
Sam: Both men and women will share similar views of stereotypes
and adhere to the most socially cliché categorization of individuals.
METHODS

(David, Jamal or José) is applying for a job as a Pharmacy Technician at his
local Pharmacy. The job mostly requires for the applicant to help prepare
prescribed medication by counting tablets and labeling bottles, but also
requires applicants to perform other administrative tasks such as answering
the phone or stocking shelves.
(David, Jamal, or José) has obtained his Bachelor’s Degree in Chemistry and is
looking for experience in a pharmacy setting before he applies to grad school,
so his education makes him a good candidate for the job. However, (David,
Jamal, or José) has been arrested previously for distribution of recreational
and prescription drugs, but has not been in any trouble with the law since.
(David, Jamal, or José)’s father is also very good friends with the employer so
(David, Jamal, or José) feels very confidant that he’ll get the position.
RACISM VIGNETTE

RESULTS: RACISM
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Disagree
Should he be hired for the position?
David
Jamal
José

RESULTS: RACISM
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
He deserves the job if he gets it
David
Jamal
José

RESULTS: RACISM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
His criminal history should keep him from getting the job
David
Jamal
José

RESULTS: RACISM
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
NumberofParticipants
Another applicant would be more qualified
David
Jamal
José

RESULTS: RACISM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
He can be trusted not to sell drugs again
David
Jamal
José

RESULTS: RACISM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
His criminal history should not affect his likelihood of getting the
job as much as his education
David
Jamal
José

RESULTS: RACISM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
If he gets the position it will be based off of his father’s
connections instead of his own ability
David
Jamal
José

RESULTS: PREJUDICE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree
Mexicans have jobs that Americans should have
Male
Female

RESULTS: PREJUDICE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
People who are Muslim are good people
Male
Female

RESULTS: PREJUDICE
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Christians are judgmental of people who do not follow their lifestyles
Male
Female

RESULTS: PREJUDICE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
People with mental illnesses should not be allowed in society
Male
Female

RESULTS: PREJUDICE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
People who are of higher social class are shallow people.
Male
Female

RESULTS: SEXISM
In general, women look for chivalry in a man that they wish to
marry.

RESULTS: SEXISM
There is no harm in making a light-hearted joke about
women.

RESULTS: SEXISM
Women perform worse at a new job if they are referred to as the
“weaker sex” and told that they are only there for equality purposes.

RESULTS: SEXISM
Women in children’s books or stories should be
portrayed in traditional roles.

RESULTS: SEXISM
Women are dissatisfied with their body
image because of the media.

Stereotyping is still a prevalent issue in today's society.
RESULTS: STEREOTYPES
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

The most common stereotype I see is:
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Race related Gender related Sexual Orientation related Social Class related Other

When you are driving behind a slow driver, who do you assume is driving?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
White male White female Asian male Asian female African American male African American
female

When you see a Middle Eastern individual, do you assume they are:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
terrorists friendly smart patriotic wealthy

Men are _____ than women.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
More emotional Less emotional

Reliability: Low; results could be replicated, but most likely will not
Validity:
Internal: Low; survey may not have measured what it was meant to.
External: Average; results can be generalized to the greater
population but randomization was not strong enough
DISCUSSION

Flaws:
• Randomization did not help with getting a wide range of different people.
• Social desirability, people selected what they thought the experimenters
wanted
• Experimenter bias throughout the questions
• Not enough participants, especially males
Fixes:
• Neutrality in the questions, use non-suggestive wording
• eliminated the “neither” option, forcing the participants to lean one way
or another.
DISCUSSION

Cornileus, T. (2012). “I’m a black man and I’m doing this job very well”: How African American professional men
negotiate the impact of racism on their career development. Springer Science+Buiness Media, 17, 444-460.
doi: 10. 1007/s12111-012-9225-2
Effron, D. A., & Knowles, E. D. (2015). Entitativity and intergroup bias: How belonging to a cohesive group allows people to
express their prejudices. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 108(2), 234-253. doi:10.1037/pspa0000020
Eisend, M., Plagemann, J., & Sollwedel, J. (2014). Gender Roles and Humor in Advertising: The Occurrence of Stereotyping in
Humorous and Nonhumorous Advertising and Its Consequences for Advertising Effectiveness. Journal Of
Advertising, 43(3), 256-273. doi:10.1080/00913367.2013.857621
Evans, A. B. (2011). Academic Self-concept in Black Adolescents: Do Race and Gender Stereotypes Matter?. Self & Identity,
10(2), 263-277.
West, K. M. (2012). Relatively Socially Acceptable Prejudice Within and Between Societies.Journal Of Community &
Applied Social Psychology, 22(3), 269-282.
Hannon, L. (2015) White colorism. Social Currents, 2, 13-21. doi: 10. 1177/2329496514558628
REFERENCES

Social Psych- Social Cognition Group Project(2)-2

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