Unit 12 Sociological Theories Of Crime

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Unit 12 Crime and its effects on society PUBLIC SERVICES

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Classical Theory: One of the earliest approaches to explaining the causes of crime was classical theory. A product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions. In classical theory, human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a hedonistic rationality, in which actors weigh the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated with it. Neo-Classical: A modification of classical theory in which it was conceded that certain factors, such as insanity, might inhibit the exercise of free will. Premeditation as a measure of the degree of free will. Mitigating circumstances as legitimate grounds for diminished responsibility.

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Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include: * Classical Theory * Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton) * Marxist Theory * Right realism * Left realism * Labelling (Interactionism) * Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories) * Eysenck's theory * Family crime theories * Neurophysiological (brain damage) * Neurochemical * Kohlberg's moral development * Behaviourist theory

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The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel: https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c= Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/ Specialty Certificate tracks (including criminal justice counseling professional) starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/ Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/ Instagram: AllCEUs Pinterest: drsnipes Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice system

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1. What are the various theories that we use to explain why people commit crimes? How are they broadly categorized? Solution In criminology, examining why people commit crime is very important in the ongoing debate of how crime should be handled and prevented. Many theories have emerged over the years, and they continue to be explored, individually and in combination, as criminologists seek the best solutions in ultimately reducing types and levels of crime. Here is a broad overview of some key theories: Rational choice theory: People generally act in their self-interest and make decisions to commit crime after weighing the potential risks (including getting caught and punished) against the rewards. Social disorganization theory: A personâ€™s physical and social environments are primarily responsible for the behavioral choices that person makes. In particular, a neighborhood that has fraying social structures is more likely to have high crime rates. Such a neighborhood may have poor schools, vacant and vandalized buildings, high unemployment, and a mix of commercial and residential property. Strain theory: Most people have similar aspirations, but they donâ€™t all have the same opportunities or abilities. When people fail to achieve societyâ€™s expectations through approved means such as hard work and delayed gratification, they may attempt to achieve success through crime. Social learning theory: People develop motivation to commit crime and the skills to commit crime through the people they associate with. Social control theory: Most people would commit crime if not for the controls that society places on individuals through institutions such as schools, workplaces, churches, and families. Labeling theory: People in power decide what acts are crimes, and the act of labeling someone a criminal is what makes him a criminal. Once a person is labeled a criminal, society takes away his opportunities, which may ultimately lead to more criminal behavior. Biology, genetics, and evolution: Poor diet, mental illness, bad brain chemistry, and even evolutionary rewards for aggressive criminal conduct have been proposed as explanations for crime. .

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Explanations for Delinquency A Brief Introduction to Sociological Theory Theory Without Panic!A simple definition of theory:Theories are nothing more than explanations for how 2 or more phenomena are related to each other.We all apply theories every dayFor example, we explain “getting wet” by the falling rainScientific theory must be falsifiable:This means that it must be stated in such a way that it can be tested with empirical evidence;This evidence provides a litmus test--it either supports the theory or it fails to support the theoryIf supported, or verified, the theory gains credibility; if not supported, or falsified, the theory must be revised. What Causes Delinquency?What propels youths to commit delinquency?Complex interplay of a variety of biological, genetic, and environmental factors Further complicated by various reactions to environmental factorsWhy do only a few individuals who experience the same environments as many others actually commit crime? Criminological theories provide a scientific way to approach and understand why people commit crime Criminological ParadigmsClassical School TheoriesFocus on individual free will and our ability to make choices as the central explanation for committing delinquency/crime Positive School TheoriesEmbraces determinism and scientific method: Recognizes the role of forces that individuals cannot control or may not be aware of on crime and the role of science to discover what these factors areThe positive school has 3 basic approaches: biological, psychological, and sociological Theories Within Classical School Deterrence TheoryCertainty, severity, and celerityGeneral and specificRational Choice TheoryDecision to commit crime involves weighing the costs and benefits associated with that crimeBounded rationalityRoutine ActivitiesFocuses on the opportunity for crime to occurInteraction of the following: suitable targets, absence of capable guardians, and presence of motivated offenders Positive School—Biological TheoriesGenetic transmission of criminal tendenciesHormonal imbalancesNeurological dysfunctionDevelopmental Theory (Biosocial Theories) Positive School—Psychological TheoriesIntelligence—IQCrimePersonality types--SomatotypesPsychodynamic Theory (Freud & psychic phenomenon)Underdeveloped/Overdeveloped SuperegoBasis for Antisocial Personalities & ImpulsivityBehavioral Theory (Skinner & measurable events)Used as basis for Social Learning Theory Positive School—Sociological Theories Social Structure TheoriesSocial disorganizationAnomie/StrainSocial Process TheoriesDifferential Association/Learning TheorySocial Control TheorySocial Conflict Labeling and Stigma What Do We Know About Offenders?Small group of offenders (6-25%) are responsible for majority of crimeThere is a pattern of offending that ultimately defines subgroups of offenders Serious: Commit serious property crimeViolent: Commit serious violent crimeChronic: Commit 4 or more offenses of any typeSer ...

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c h a p t e r 3 Individual Views of Delinquency: Choice and Trait CHAPTER OUTLINE CHOICE THEORY THE RATIONAL DELINQUENT Choosing Delinquent Acts Lifestyle and Delinquency Routine Activities Focus on Delinquency: Does Delinquency Pay? CHOICE THEORY AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION General Deterrence What Does This Mean to Me? Does Punishment Work? Specific Deterrence Situational Crime Prevention Do Delinquents Choose Crime? TRAIT THEORIES: BIOSOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWS The Origins of Trait Theory Contemporary Trait Theory BIOSOCIAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY Biochemical Factors Focus on Delinquency: Are You What You Eat? Neurological Dysfunction Focus on Delinquency: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Genetic Influences PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY Psychodynamic Theory Behavioral Theory Cognitive Theory Focus on Delinquency: The Media and Delinquency Personality and Delinquency Intelligence and Delinquency CRITIQUING TRAIT THEORY VIEWS TRAIT THEORY AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should: 1. Know the difference between choice and trait theories. 2. Understand the concept of criminal choice. 3. Be familiar with the concept of routine activities. 4. Be able to discuss the pros and cons of general deterrence. 5. Recognize what is meant by the term specific deterrence. 6. Understand the concept of situational crime prevention. 7. Know the biochemical, neurological, and genetic factors linked to delinquency. 8. Understand the psychodynamic model of delinquency. 9. Understand why, according to the behavioral perspective, watching violent media causes violent behaviors. 10. Be familiar with the term psychopath. 11. Recognize the issues linking intelligence to delinquency. 47 Co ur te sy o f C N N Juvenile Delinquency: The Core COPYRIGHT © 2005 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 48 C H A P T E R 3 The Parsons case illustrates the view that many youthful offenders are not irrational or angry, but clever, intelligent, and calculating. Some delinquency experts believe that the decision to commit an illegal act is a product of an individual decision- making process that may be shaped by the personal characteristics of the decision maker. They reject the notion that delinquents are a “product of their environment.” But if social and economic factors alone determine behavior, how is it that many youths residing in dangerous neighborhoods live law-abiding lives? According to the U.S. Census Bureau, more than thirty-four million Americans live in poverty yet the vast majority do not become delinquents and criminals.1 Research indicates that relatively few youths in any population, even the most economically disadvantaged, actually become hard-core, chronic delinquents.2 The quality of neighborhood and family life may have little impact on the choices individuals make.3 Considering these data, some delinquency experts believe that the root cause of juven ...

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