2. COURSE INFO
Lectures: Maria-Iuliana Dascalu
mariaiuliana.dascalu@gmail.com
http://mariaiulianadascalu.com/ (where you can find
the courses)
Labs: Bianca Tesila
bianca.tesila@gmail.com
http://biancatesila.wordpress.com/ (labs, grades,
home assignments)
3. GRADING
Exam: 40p
Tests & presence at the course: 10p
Labs & Assignments: 50p
Assignments: 30p ( 3 x 10p)
Lab Activity: 20p ( presence, class assignments, small
home assignments)
Rules:
• Minimum 45p in order to pass
• Minimum 25p out of 60p in order to take the exam
• One should attend at least 10 labs(out of 12)
4. TOOLS & USEFUL LINKS
C-Free 5.0 Standard
(http://www.programarts.com/cfree_en/download.htm)
Any other IDE or compiler for C/C++ (ex. GCC under
Linux)
http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/Algorith
ms.html (it helps you understand how various data
structures work)
5. OBJECTIVES
run and compile C programs
identify the structure of a C program
use standard I/O operations
define variables
declare and implement functions
make structures
6. INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING
The basic structure of a C program:
Similarities to the structure of a Java program:
Inclusion of headers is similar to importing packages or classes
Differences from the structure of a Java program:
Inclusion of headers
Definition of types/classes
Declaration of global variables
Definition of functions
The main function
Functions and variables may also be defined outside of a class
The main function is not part of a class
Arrays can also be allocated statically in C/C++
A C program is written in a file with the “.c” extension: the source
code
After compilation, another file, with the “.o” extension
appears: the object code.
After execution, another file, with the “.exe” extension
appears: the executable
7. INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING
EXAMPLE OF A C PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h> // inclusion of the stdio.h header
int a, b, c; // global variables of the type int: a, b, c
int main() { // beginning of the main function
a = 10;
scanf("%d", &b); // read the value of b from the standard input
c = a + b; // assign the sum of a and b to the variable c
printf("%dn", c); // print the value of c to the standard output
return 0; // finish the main function successfully
}
Pay attention: C is case-sensitive!
8. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD OUTPUT
OPERATIONS
We shall use the printf function:
printf(format, param_1, param_2, …, param_n);
format = a string containing characters and format specifiers
param_1, param_2, …, param_n = expressions; their values are written
taking into account the corresponding format specifier
Format Specifier
Type
%i or %d
int
%ld
long
%f
float
%lf
double
%c
char
%s
string
9. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD OUTPUT
OPERATIONS
‼ Exercise: run the below example and see how each format specifier works
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("%dn", 7);
printf("%3dn", 7);
printf("%03dn", 7);
printf("%3.2fn", 5.1);
printf("%.2fn", 4.245);
printf("%sn", "blue");
return 0;
}
Note: we used a special character /n (newline character)
The n used in the printf statements is called an escape sequence. Commonly
used escape sequences are:
n (newline)
t (tab)
v (vertical tab)
f (new page)
b (backspace)
r (carriage return)
n (newline)
10. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD INPUT
OPERATIONS
We shall use the scanf function:
scanf(format, param_1, param_2, …, param_n);
format = a string containing characters and format specifiers
param_1, param_2, …, param_n = expressions; their values are stored
taking into account the corresponding format specifier
Similar to printf
Use «stdio.h» for I/O operations
11. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD INPUT
OPERATIONS
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
char name [80];
int age;
printf ("Enter your family name: ");
scanf ("%s",name);
printf ("Enter your age: ");
scanf ("%d", &age);
printf ("Mr. %s , %d years old.n“, name, age);
return 0;
}
12. I/O OPERATIONS
‼Exercise: Write a program to calculate the average
of two float numbers. The result shall be displayed
with 2 decimals. Use scanf and printf!
Hint: %.2f -> format specifier for float with 2
decimals
14. FUNCTIONS: DECLARATION AND
IMPLEMENTATION
The general form of a function definition in C
programming language is as it follows:
return_type function_name( parameter list ) {
body of the function
}
Visibility domain: local vs. global variables
Parameter passing: by-value
15. FUNCTIONS: EXAMPLE
• Note the use of
math.h library: for sqrt
function (the same
meaning as in Java)
•
Note the control flow
structures (if, if-else,
for, …)
• Note the function
definition and call: the
implemented function
calculates if a number
is prime or not
16. FUNCTIONS
‼Exercise: Check whether a number is a palindrome or
not.
Hint: a palindrome is a number that remains the same when
its digits are reversed.
333 is a palindrome
123 is not a palindrome
17. STRUCTURES
struct struct_name {
variables (fields of the struct type)
}
Like Java classes but without methods or public/private
specifications
Used to package related data together
User-defined collection of one or
more variables (fields), grouped under one name
The members of a structure are accessed with “.”
18. STRUCTURES: EXAMPLE
struct date {
unsigned int day;
unsigned int month;
unsigned long year;
char name_day[3];
char name_month[4];
};
typedef struct date {
unsigned int day;
unsigned int month;
unsigned long year;
char name_day[3];
char name_month[4];
} date;
typedef struct date date;
date today;
date today;
‼ date is now a type
‼ typedef allows you to declare
instances of a struct without
using keyword "struct"
20. STRUCTURES
‼ Exercise: Design a structure for representing dates
and write functions that:
- Check if a variable value of the structure is a valid
date
- Calculate the next date of a given date
- Calculate the date before a given date
21. HOMEWORK
Finish all the lab exercises.
Write a program that displays the first ten Fibonacci numbers.
Write a program to simulate the Bulls and Cows
game(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulls_and_cows), by giving
two input numbers.
Write functions for writing, reading, addition and
multiplication of rare polynomials.
Rare polynomials with integer coefficients are polynomials
of large degrees and many coefficients equal to 0. They
can be represented by a data structure defined as:
typedef struct TMonom
{
int coefficient;
unsigned int exponent;
}TMonom;
TMonom[50] polynomial;
