Microorganism is the general term for all tiny microorganisms that are invisible or invisible to the naked eye. The structure is relatively simple, the individual is small (generally <0.1mm), and can be divided into prokaryotes, eukaryotes and non-cells according to their evolution level and traits
The process of human understanding of microorganisms
The hard-to-understand microbial world
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Microbiology Medical Subject Department Development - www.biomed.fit
1. Overview of Microbiology Development
1. What is a microorganism
Microorganism is the general term for all tiny microorganisms that are
invisible or invisible to the naked eye. The structure is relatively simple,
the individual is small (generally <0.1mm), and can be divided into
prokaryotes, eukaryotes and non-cells according to their evolution level
and traits. The table is as follows:
2. 2. The process of human understanding of microorganisms
2.1 The hard-to-understand microbial world
The unique nature and characteristics of microorganisms determine the
long-term lack of understanding of microorganisms. Especially before
the invention of microscope technology and various separation and
cultivation techniques of microbes, it is difficult to find and pay
attention to these individuals are small (usually between a few um to
tens of um), unsightly appearance (aggregated colonies or multicellular
bacteria ), Mixed and mixed living, but a large number of widely
distributed microbial groups. It will not understand how those
incredible phenomena (such as plague, moldy food, etc.) occur, nor will
they understand the true effect of these tiny, unremarkable creatures
on nature and humans.
3. E. coli (Gram staining) under microscope
E. coli plate culture
2.2 The history of humans opening the world of microbes
2.2.1 Prehistory
When people have not yet seen and understood microbial
microorganisms, they can only use their own experience in continuous
practice to use beneficial microorganisms and prevent harmful
microorganisms, and stay in the low-level application stage for a long
time. During this period, the traditional koji brewing process, which has
been passed down for thousands of years in China, is definitely the
highest level of application. Aspergillus or Mucor molds are used to
4. saccharify starch first, and then yeast fermentation for alcohol
fermentation can be said to be the basis of modern fermentation.
The "immune with poison" immunization method invented in the Song
dynasty (first used in the second half of the 16th century), using the
method of inoculating human pox to prevent smallpox is definitely an
epoch-making achievement, which was invented by British E. Jenner in
1796 Vaccination against smallpox is more than two centuries earlier.
5. 2.2.2 Start-up period
The landmark event of this period was the invention of a single
microscope by the Dutch amateur scientist Levin Hook. In 1676, the tiny
and powerful bacteria were first observed.
Levin Hook
A picture of human blood viewed with a Levine Hook microscope
6. 2.2.3 Foundation period
During this period, there were two main people: one was Pasteur in
France who used the experiment of Qu neck retort broth to establish
the doctrine of breeding. Since then, microbiology began to form an
independent discipline; second, Koch in Germany established a series of
Methods: Isolate and cultivate pure-bred microorganisms. Based on the
research of the two, microbiology and its branch disciplines have been
continuously developed and improved.
2.2.4 Development period
In 1897, the German E. Buchner used alcohol-free yeast to squeeze the
"alcoholic enzyme" in the juice to successfully ferment glucose to
alcohol, marking that microbiology entered the era of biochemical
7. research. Since then, microbial physiology and metabolism research has
been vigorously carried out.
2.2.5 Mature period
8. In 1953, J.D.Waston and H.F.C.Crick discovered and established a
double helix model of DNA structure, which opened a new stage of
molecular biology research.
DNA double helix moxing
In recent years, with the establishment and improvement of various
databases and the help of various computer-aided analysis software,
genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, synthetic biology, and systems
biology have gradually become the focus of life sciences.
3. The development of microbiology has promoted human progress
3.1 Promote human medical progress
According to Pasteur's embryology theory, the surgical disinfection
established by the use of carbolic acid in the 1860s effectively reduced
the surgical mortality. Discovery, classification and establishment of
9. various pathogenic microorganisms. Development and use of various
medicines, including vaccines and chemical drugs for immune control;
antibiotics and biological products developed using genetic engineering
and bioengineering technologies. Through these, humans have
achieved great success in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms.
3.2 Industrial application
10. Mainly use beneficial microorganisms to ferment and brew to improve
the flavor of food; inhibit harmful microorganisms and prolong the
storage time of food. Through various fermentation technologies and
metabolic control technologies, large-scale and efficient production of
various organic products, biological products, industrial raw materials.
The rise of bioengineering, that is, genetic engineering, cell engineering,
microbiological engineering, biochemical engineering, and bioreactor
engineering, combined with chemical, mechanical, and computer
science, provides people with huge economic and social benefits.
3.3 Promote agricultural progress
Microorganisms have many applications in agriculture, thereby
promoting the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry,
and fishing. For example, bacteria are used to control insects, diseases,
and grass; bacteria are used as feed, medicine, food, etc.
11. 3.4 Contribution to basic theoretical research of biology
Microbiology is a discipline that has its own unique set of operating
techniques in the entire biology, so it requires special experimental
equipment and independent training. For example, microscope
technology and production dyeing technology, aseptic operation
technology, sterilization and sterilization technology, pure seed
separation and cloning technology, selective and differential culture
technology, mutant marking and screening technology, strain
preservation technology, protoplast preparation and Fusion
technology, and various DNA recombination technologies. These
technologies have rapidly spread to research in various fields of life
sciences and become a necessary means of life science research, thus
making a methodological contribution to the entire life sciences.
4. Microbiology and its branches
• Bacteriology: the study of bacteria
12. • Mycology: the study of fungi
• Protozoology: the study of protozoa
• Phycology/algology: the study of algae
• Parasitology: the study of parasites
• Immunology: the study of the immune system
• Virology: the study of viruses
• Nematology: the study of nematodes
• Microbial cytology: the study of microscopic and submicroscopic
details of microorganisms
• Microbial physiology: the study of how the microbial cell functions
biochemically. Includes the study of microbial growth, microbial
metabolism and microbial cell structure
• Microbial ecology: the relationship between microorganisms and
their environment
13. • Microbial genetics: the study of how genes are organized and
regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions Closely
related to the field of molecular biology
• Cellular microbiology: a discipline bridging microbiology and cell
biology
• Evolutionary microbiology: the study of the evolution of microbes.
This field can be subdivided into:
o Microbial taxonomy: the naming and classification of
microorganisms
o Microbial systematics: the study of the diversity and genetic
relationship of microorganisms
• Generation microbiology: the study of those microorganisms that
have the same characters as their parents
• Systems microbiology: a discipline bridging systems biology and
microbiology
14. • Molecular microbiology: the study of the molecular principles of
the physiological processes in microorganisms
• Phylogeny: the study of the genetic relationships between
different organisms[4]
Applied microbiology
• Medical microbiology: the study of the pathogenic microbes and
the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial
pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease
pathology and immunology. This area of microbiology also covers the
study of human microbiota, cancer, and the tumor microenvironment.
• Pharmaceutical microbiology: the study of microorganisms that
are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins,
vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products and that cause
pharmaceutical contamination and spoil.
15. • Industrial microbiology: the exploitation of microbes for use in
industrial processes. Examples include industrial fermentation and
wastewater treatment. Closely linked to the biotechnology industry.
This field also includes brewing, an important application of
microbiology.
• Microbial biotechnology: the manipulation of microorganisms at
the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products.
• Food microbiology: the study of microorganisms causing food
spoilage and foodborne illness. Using microorganisms to produce
foods, for example by fermentation.
• Agricultural microbiology: the study of agriculturally relevant
microorganisms. This field can be further classified into the following:
o Plant microbiology and Plant pathology: The study of the
interactions between microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens.
16. o Soil microbiology: the study of those microorganisms that are
found in soil.
• Veterinary microbiology: the study of the role of microbes in
veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy.
• Environmental microbiology: the study of the function and
diversity of microbes in their natural environments. This involves the
characterization of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and
phyllosphere, soil and groundwater ecosystems, open oceans or
extreme environments (extremophiles). This field includes other
branches of microbiology such as:
o Microbial ecology
o Microbially mediated nutrient cycling
o Geomicrobiology
o Microbial diversity
17. o Bioremediation: use of micro-organisms to clean air, water and
soils.
• Water microbiology (or aquatic microbiology): The study of those
microorganisms that are found in water.
• Aeromicrobiology (or air microbiology): The study of airborne
microorganisms.
• biotechnology: related to recombinant DNA technology or genetic
engineering.
Other
• Astro microbiology: the study of microorganisms in outer space
• Biological agent: the study of those microorganisms which are
being used in weapon industries.
• Nano microbiology: the study of those organisms on nano level.
18. • Predictive microbiology: the quantification of relations between
controlling factors in foods and responses of pathogenic and spoilage
microorganisms using mathematical modelling