Community seed banks and farmers’ rights

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Bioversity International policy scientist Ronnie Vernooy gave this presentation at the the Global Consultation on Farmers’ Rights, Indonesia, 27-30 September 2016, organized by the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). The importance of farmers’ rights is recognized in Article 9 of the Plant Treaty. In this presentation Vernooy shows how a community-based approach to the management of agricultural biodiversity, including supporting community seedbanks, can empower and benefit smallholder farmers and farming communities economically, environmentally and socially. This approach makes implementing farmers’ rights at national level both practical and effective contributing to food and seed security, sustainable livelihoods and resilience. For more information, please visit: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/community-seedbanks/ http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/policies-for-plant-diversity-management/the-plant-treaty/

Science

Community seed banks and farmers’ rights
Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International,
Farmers’ Rights Consultation, Bali, Indonesia, 27-30 September 2016.

Multiple functions
Conservation: short and long term
• Local/rare/heirloom varieties
• Restoration of “lost” varieties
• Climate resilient varieties

Multiple functions contd.
Documentation and protection of indigenous/local knowledge
• Access and availability
• Exchanges of quality seeds
• Introducing new diversity
• Seed production and distribution/marketing
• Participatory crop improvement
Seed and food sovereignty
• Community biodiversity management

Community seed banks and farmers’ rights (1)
Recognition:
Importance of traditional varieties and related knowledge in
smallholder farmers’ livelihoods
Community seed banks as part of: national conservation strategy
(South Africa)/agrobiodiversity policy (Nepal)/PGRFA policy
(Uganda)
Access and benefit sharing: financial and technical support,
access to ‘new’ seeds and knowledge, connections to the national
genebank, crop improvement, improved extension service

Community seed banks and farmers’ rights (2)
Participation in decision making: emerging
• Through national network of community seed banks (Nepal)
• Cooperation with national genebank (Bhutan, Zimbabwe)
• Cooperation with international genebank (Peru)
• Cooperation with plant breeding institutions (Bangladesh)
Key roles of women recognized and valued

Community seed banks and farmers’ rights (3)
Save/sell/exchange seeds: At the
heart, but could be expanded to
the right to agrobiodiversity
Note that: United Nations’ draft
declaration on the rights of
peasants and other people working
in rural areas (UN 2015) includes
the right to seeds (Article 22) and
to biological diversity (Article 23)
Read our brief!

Sustainability (1)
• Farmers’ interest and leadership
• Availability of local facilitator and
interlocutor with other
organizations
• Responsiveness to crop diversity
decline/loss
• Possibility to respond to climate
change stresses

Sustainability (2)
• Potential to develop into a broader
community organization
• Availability of sound technical
support; technical capabilities of
farmers
• Possibility to link with crop
improvement activities and to
national genebank
• Supportive policy and legal
environment

Towards a national gene/seed banking
system

Strengthening the capacity to adapt to climate change

Community seed banks as platform for local
rural development

Photo credits
Carlos Alberto Dayrell, Brazil
EOSA, Ethiopia
E.D. Israel Oliver King, MSSRF, India
Prem Mathur, Bioversity International
Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD
Stefano Padulosi, Bioversity International
The Spanish Seed Network
UBINIG, Bangladesh
Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International

Thank you
www.bioversityinternational.org/subscribe
@BioversityInt
Ronnie Vernooy
r.vernooy@cgiar.org

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Context. WASP-76 b has been a recurrent subject of study since the detection of a signature in high-resolution transit spectroscopy data indicating an asymmetry between the two limbs of the planet. The existence of this asymmetric signature has been confirmed by multiple studies, but its physical origin is still under debate. In addition, it contrasts with the absence of asymmetry reported in the infrared (IR) phase curve. Aims. We provide a more comprehensive dataset of WASP-76 b with the goal of drawing a complete view of the physical processes at work in this atmosphere. In particular, we attempt to reconcile visible high-resolution transit spectroscopy data and IR broadband phase curves. Methods. We gathered 3 phase curves, 20 occultations, and 6 transits for WASP-76 b in the visible with the CHEOPS space telescope. We also report the analysis of three unpublished sectors observed by the TESS space telescope (also in the visible), which represents 34 phase curves. Results. WASP-76 b displays an occultation of 260±11 and 152±10 ppm in TESS and CHEOPS bandpasses respectively. Depending on the composition assumed for the atmosphere and the data reduction used for the IR data, we derived geometric albedo estimates that range from 0.05 ± 0.023 to 0.146 ± 0.013 and from <0.13 to 0.189 ± 0.017 in the CHEOPS and TESS bandpasses, respectively. As expected from the IR phase curves, a low-order model of the phase curves does not yield any detectable asymmetry in the visible either. However, an empirical model allowing for sharper phase curve variations offers a hint of a flux excess before the occultation, with an amplitude of ∼40 ppm, an orbital offset of ∼−30◦ , and a width of ∼20◦ . We also constrained the orbital eccentricity of WASP-76 b to a value lower than 0.0067, with a 99.7% confidence level. This result contradicts earlier proposed scenarios aimed at explaining the asymmetry observed in high-resolution transit spectroscopy. Conclusions. In light of these findings, we hypothesise that WASP-76 b could have night-side clouds that extend predominantly towards its eastern limb. At this limb, the clouds would be associated with spherical droplets or spherically shaped aerosols of an unknown species, which would be responsible for a glory effect in the visible phase curves.

Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b

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Presenter: Chen Li, PhD. Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine Abstract Many data analytics projects have collaborators with complementary backgrounds, including biologists, bioinformaticians, computer scientists, and AI/ML experts. Many of them have limited experience to code, set up a computing infrastructure, and use MLmodels. Existing tools and services, such as email attachments, GitHub, and Google Drive are inefficient for sharing data and analyses. In this talk, we present an open source system called Texera that provides a cloud computing platform for collaborators to share data and analyses as workflows. After seven years of development, the system has a rich set of powerful features, such as shared editing, shared execution, version control, commenting, debugging, user-defined functions in multiple languages (e.g., Python, R, Java), and support of state-of-the-art AI/ML techniques. Its backend parallel engine enables scalable computation on large data sets using computing clusters. We will show a demo of the system, and present our vision supported by a recent NIH award, dkNET(NIDDK Information Network, https://dknet.org), to serve the diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolic diseases research communities through the FAIR sharing of data and knowledge. Resource link: https://github.com/Texera/texera Upcoming webinars schedule: https://dknet.org/about/webinar

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Mustard, as a crop, is susceptible to a variety of pests that can affect its growth and yield. Here’s a rundown of some common pests that target mustard plants: Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can cause significant damage by feeding on the leaves and stems. Aphids also excrete a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the plants. Flea Beetles: These tiny beetles jump like fleas when disturbed and chew small holes in the leaves. They are particularly damaging in the early growth stages of the plant. Cabbage Loopers: The larvae of a type of moth, these caterpillars are known for their distinctive looping movement. They chew large holes in the leaves and can defoliate plants if present in large numbers. Diamondback Moth Larvae: Another caterpillar pest, these larvae chew small holes in the leaves and can cause extensive damage, especially when infestations are heavy. Whiteflies: These are tiny, winged insects that feed on plant sap and can quickly become a problem in greenhouse or close planting conditions. Like aphids, they also secrete honeydew. Cutworms: These are the larvae of certain types of moths and are known for cutting young plants at the stem base at ground level. They are most destructive during the night. Root Maggots: The larvae of root maggot flies, these pests attack the roots of mustard plants, causing wilting and potentially killing young plants. Harlequin Bugs: These are colorful stink bugs that suck the sap from mustard plant stems and leaves, causing the leaves to become stippled, wilt, and eventually die if the infestation is severe. Mustard Sawfly: The larvae of the mustard sawfly can cause considerable defoliation, as they feed voraciously on the leaves. Clubroot: Caused by a fungus-like organism, clubroot affects the roots, causing them to swell and distort. While technically a disease, it is often associated with pest management because controlling it involves similar preventative strategies. Control Measures: Managing pests in mustard involves a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical methods. Crop rotation, resistant varieties, timely sowing, maintaining plant health, and using natural predators like ladybugs and parasitic wasps can help keep pest populations under control. Chemical pesticides should be used as a last resort due to their potential impact on the environment and non-target species.

Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Conjugation, transduction and transformation

Areesha Ahmad

Understanding circumstellar disks is of prime importance in astrophysics, however, their birth process remains poorly constrained due to observational and numerical challenges. Recent numerical works have shown that the small-scale physics, often wrapped into a sub-grid model, play a crucial role in disk formation and evolution. This calls for a combined approach in which both the protostar and circumstellar disk are studied in concert. Aims. We aim to elucidate the small scale physics and constrain sub-grid parameters commonly chosen in the literature by resolving the star-disk interaction. Methods. We carry out a set of very high resolution 3D radiative-hydrodynamics simulations that self-consistently describe the collapse of a turbulent dense molecular cloud core to stellar densities. We study the birth of the protostar, the circumstellar disk, and its early evolution (< 6 yr after protostellar formation). Results. Following the second gravitational collapse, the nascent protostar quickly reaches breakup velocity and sheds its surface material, thus forming a hot (∼ 103 K), dense, and highly flared circumstellar disk. The protostar is embedded within the disk, such that material can flow without crossing any shock fronts. The circumstellar disk mass quickly exceeds that of the protostar, and its kinematics are dominated by self-gravity. Accretion onto the disk is highly anisotropic, and accretion onto the protostar mainly occurs through material that slides on the disk surface. The polar mass flux is negligible in comparison. The radiative behavior also displays a strong anisotropy, as the polar accretion shock is shown to be supercritical whereas its equatorial counterpart is subcritical. We also f ind a remarkable convergence of our results with respect to initial conditions. Conclusions. These results reveal the structure and kinematics in the smallest spatial scales relevant to protostellar and circumstellar disk evolution. They can be used to describe accretion onto regions commonly described by sub-grid models in simulations studying larger scale physics.

Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks

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Community seed banks and farmers’ rights

1. Community seed banks and farmers’ rights Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International, Farmers’ Rights Consultation, Bali, Indonesia, 27-30 September 2016.

2. Multiple functions Conservation: short and long term • Local/rare/heirloom varieties • Restoration of “lost” varieties • Climate resilient varieties

3. Multiple functions contd. Documentation and protection of indigenous/local knowledge • Access and availability • Exchanges of quality seeds • Introducing new diversity • Seed production and distribution/marketing • Participatory crop improvement Seed and food sovereignty • Community biodiversity management

4. Community seed banks and farmers’ rights (1) Recognition: Importance of traditional varieties and related knowledge in smallholder farmers’ livelihoods Community seed banks as part of: national conservation strategy (South Africa)/agrobiodiversity policy (Nepal)/PGRFA policy (Uganda) Access and benefit sharing: financial and technical support, access to ‘new’ seeds and knowledge, connections to the national genebank, crop improvement, improved extension service

5. Community seed banks and farmers’ rights (2) Participation in decision making: emerging • Through national network of community seed banks (Nepal) • Cooperation with national genebank (Bhutan, Zimbabwe) • Cooperation with international genebank (Peru) • Cooperation with plant breeding institutions (Bangladesh) Key roles of women recognized and valued

6. Community seed banks and farmers’ rights (3) Save/sell/exchange seeds: At the heart, but could be expanded to the right to agrobiodiversity Note that: United Nations’ draft declaration on the rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas (UN 2015) includes the right to seeds (Article 22) and to biological diversity (Article 23) Read our brief!

7. Sustainability (1) • Farmers’ interest and leadership • Availability of local facilitator and interlocutor with other organizations • Responsiveness to crop diversity decline/loss • Possibility to respond to climate change stresses

8. Sustainability (2) • Potential to develop into a broader community organization • Availability of sound technical support; technical capabilities of farmers • Possibility to link with crop improvement activities and to national genebank • Supportive policy and legal environment

9. Challenges

10. Recognition and rewarding of custodians

11. Towards a national gene/seed banking system

12. Adding value

13. Strengthening the capacity to adapt to climate change

14. Community seed banks as platform for local rural development

15. Stronger policy and legal support

16. Photo credits Carlos Alberto Dayrell, Brazil EOSA, Ethiopia E.D. Israel Oliver King, MSSRF, India Prem Mathur, Bioversity International Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD Stefano Padulosi, Bioversity International The Spanish Seed Network UBINIG, Bangladesh Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International

17. Thank you www.bioversityinternational.org/subscribe @BioversityInt Ronnie Vernooy r.vernooy@cgiar.org

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