1. History of Negotiations with
UNFCCC
Siddharth Pathak

2. United Nation Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• An intergovernmental treaty to address the
issue of climate change
• Negotiated from Feb 1991 – May 1992
• Signed June 1992 at Rio Earth Summit
• Entered into force March 1994
• Currently has 193 countries who have ratified
the convention

3. Annexes
• The convention divides the parties in three
categories based on their status of development
and how much they can contribute towards
reducing climate change
• Annex 1 – Parties who were in the OECD category
in 1992 + Economies in Transition (Russia + other
eastern bloc countries)
• Annex 2 - They are a sub group of parties who
have financial obligations
• Non Annex 1 – These are mostly developing
countries.

4. Timelines

5. Organization
• Annual Meeting of signatories of the
convention , conference of parties (COP) since
1995, Berlin
• Annual meeting of parties (CMP) to Kyoto
Protocol since 2005, Montreal
• Two technical subsidiary bodies – the
subsidiary body for scientific and
technological advice (SBSTA) and subsidiary
body of implementation (SBI)

6. Kyoto Protocol
• In COP 1, at Berlin, Countries decided that
strengthened commitments need to be made
and agreed on ‘Berlin Mandate’
• After 2.5 years at COP 3 in Kyoto, Kyoto
Protocol was agreed to.
• Reduction of 5% from 1990 levels by 2012
• Now in the 2nd commitment period till 2020

7. Marrakesh Accord
• November 2001, COP 7 – agreement was reached on
Marrakesh Accord
• Accords consisted of a package of draft decisions on many
of the details of the Kyoto Protocol, including the flexible
mechanisms, reporting and methodologies, land use, land-
use change and forestry (LULUCF), and compliance. They
also addressed issues such as capacity building, technology
transfer, responding to the adverse effects of climate
change, and the establishment of three funds: the Least
Developed Countries (LDC) Fund, Special Climate Change
Fund (SCCF), and Adaptation Fund.

8. Montreal Conference (COP11), 2005
• Took decisions on the outstanding operational
details of the Kyoto Protocol, and formally
adopted the Marrakesh Accords.
• Addressed possible processes to discuss post-
2012 commitments and decided to establish a
new subsidiary body, the Ad Hoc Working
Group on Further Commitments for Annex I
parties under the Kyoto Protocol
• Vague mandate towards Bali (COP 13)

9. Bali (COP 13), 2007
• The main focus in Bali was on long-term
cooperation and the post-2012 period, when
the Kyoto Protocol’s first commitment period
expires.
• Bali roadmap” – to finalize a post-2012 regime
by December 2009.
• Bali Action Plan

10. Since Bali 2007

11. COP 17 – Durban, 2011
• The Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban
Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) is a
subsidiary body that was established by in
December 2011. The mandate of the ADP is to
develop a protocol, another legal instrument or
an agreed outcome with legal force under the
Convention applicable to all Parties, which is to
be completed no later than 2015 in order for it to
be adopted at the twenty-first session of the
Conference of the Parties (COP) and for it to
come into effect and be implemented from 2020.

12. Institutions

13. Thank you for your attention.