Presented by Maria Brockhaus at a workshop on 'Sharing insights across REDD+ countries: Opportunities and obstacles for effective, efficient, and equitable REDD+ carbon and non-carbon results', held from 21-23 February 2017 in Naypyidaw, Myanmar.
2. Strategies for climate change
Mitigation and adaptation: Different objectives
Mitigation:
To reduce emissions
or enhance sinks
Adaptation:
To moderate harm
or exploit beneficial
opportunities
4. Linkages between forests and
adaptation are twofold
Adaptation for forests
• CC affect forests
• Adaptation measures needed for forests
New challenges -> understanding impacts, adapting management
Forests for adaptation
• Forest ecosystems contribute to social adaptation
• They provide ecosystem services that contribute to risk
management, and reduce the vulnerability of local communities and
of the broader society
New challenges -> forests in adaptation of sectors outside of the forest sector
(Locatelli et al., 2010)
5. Forest Ecosystem-Based Mitigation:
Examples
e.g., Afforestation & Reforestation (CDM)
Increasing carbon in ecosystems
t
With reforestation
Carbon in
ecosystem
Baseline
Avoiding loss of carbon from ecosystems
Conservation
Carbon in ecosystem
t
Baseline (deforestation)
e.g., Avoided Deforestation (REDD+)
6. What is REDD+?
… policy approaches and positive incentives for activities
relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation; and the role of conservation,
sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest
carbon stocks in developing countries
UNFCCC Decision 2/CP.13–11
9. A brief REDD history
Early 1990s: Deforestation 1/5 of GHG emissions
2001 - COP7: Avoided deforestation too difficult to include in CDM (+ no additionality).
Only A/R
2005 - COP11: 2 year consultation period for RED ; 2006 –Stern report
2007 - COP13: RED(D) included in Bali Action Plan; Norway’s Climate-Forest
initiative, NOK 15 billions
2008+: FCPF (World Bank), UNREDD, other initiatives
2009 - COP15: some progress for REDD+, interim financing
2010: COP 16 confirms earlier decisions on REDD+; safeguards and ref.levels; REDD+
partnership
2011: COP 17: REDD part of commitment for all parties? Financing to be explored. Pilots
and national policy reforms
2012: COP 18 and SBSTA - not much new, a lot of bracket text for safeguards, MRV etc.
- verification problem
2013: COP 19 Warsaw framework, results based finance, guidance – safeguards issue
will need further guidance
2014: SBSTA and COP 20 – Safeguards guidance, JMA
2015: COP 21 and SBSTA concluded REDD+ negotiations ->
national implementation arenas
2016: Green Climate Fund and REDD+ results based payments, transparency
10. Paris Agreement, forests and
REDD+
First time forests are explicitly mentioned
(Art 5.1)
Encourages action for results based
payments (e.g. REDD+) (Art 5.2)
keeping forests and trees standing and
sustainably managed will be crucial for global
efforts to reach the 1.5 temperature goal
especially in forest-rich countries avoided
deforestation can provide major emission
reductions contributions and REDD+ is explicitly
mentioned in many (I)NDCs
11. The phased approach
(adopted from Meridian Report 2009, UNFCCC)
11
Phase 1:
Readiness
Phase 2
PAM implementation
Phase 3
Results
Activities - Institutional
strengthening
- Technical
capacity building
- ..
- Governance, regulatory and
economic reforms (including
Land use planning, Law
enforcement, Moratoria)
- Forest sector reforms
- Removal of perverse subsidies
- …
- Improved forest
management
- Improved commodity
chains
- ….
Performance - Assessment
completed
- Consultations
conducted
- Capacity
increased
- …
- Policies enacted
- Measures enforced
- Proxies identified and
monitored for changes in
emissions
- …..
- Quantified emission
reductions, removal
and enhancements
(tCO2-e)
- Quantified co-benefits
- ….
Financing Immediately
available (readiness
funds)
Predictable amounts over a
defined period, including
countries’ own upfront
investments
Large-scale funding
(note-shift from market
to public funds)
12. Performance in REDD+
Over past decades move towards output/outcome orientation based
on incentives, cash-on-delivery approaches
Some problems of ‘’traditional aid’ :
- High transaction costs due to donor requirements; National ownership; “The
accountability problem”, in which countries are held accountable to the donors
instead of their citizens; low incentive to perform (‘ritual dance’ between
donor/receiver)
REDD+ to incentivize quantifiable results: Payments for
performance
Should allow for ownership over reform, integration of context, and
for turning tables from aid receiver to service provider
REDD+ shifted away from market-based to public fund-based,
performance element remains
Risks of ‘aidification’ of REDD+, but lessons available (Angelsen
2016)
13. Key trends
Objectives: CO2 Co-benefits
Funding: Rich pay poor REDD+ countries
Policies: PES Broad PAMs Forest policies
Funding: Market Public (aid)
Scale: National Local/projects
14. Challenges in national REDD+
Among others ...
Coordination across sectors and administrative levels (in
decentralized systems)
Tenure, financing systems, benefit sharing and
participation
MRV systems and capacity
Scope, scale, permanence, leakage
Sovereignty and ownership over process and reform(s)
Capacity and political will to address the drivers of forest
carbon change (driven oftentimes by interests of powerful
elites), access/availibility to data on sectorial
contributions to DD, and identifying an effective policy
mix
REDD is a mechanism to create an incentive for developing countries to protect, better manage and wisely use their forest resources, thus contributing to the global fight against climate change [as well as national development??].
The “plus” here goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, that include the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
(Art 5.1 states: Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases as referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1(d), of the Convention, including forests. )
(Article 5.2 links to REDD+, results based payments, joint mitigation adaptation actions and non carbon benefits - in addition, several finance announcements were made during the conference to provide more certainty over REDD+ finance)
With RED(D+) being brought forward by PNG and other rainforested nations at the COP in Montreal in 2005, and the momentum this idea gained internationally, a lot of challenges for the implementation of such a mechanism (wich is basically an objective) became obvious