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Measures of Juvenile Crime

      Sorting myth from fact




       40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
       San Francisco, CA 94103
                                 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Measuring Delinquency Through
        Cohort Studies

 A cohort study examines a selected group of
  individuals, born at the same time and living
 in the same place, over a long period of time



              40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
              San Francisco, CA 94103
                                        © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Longitudinal cohort studies examine
             the following:
• Age the delinquent career begins – onset

• Duration of the delinquent career

• Termination of delinquent care (desistance, aging out)
• Extent of delinquency within a population

• Gender difference in delinquent patterns




                    40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
                    San Francisco, CA 94103
                                              © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Philadelphia Cohort Study conducted by Marvin
             Wolfgang and associates
Two Birth Cohorts:

• First Cohort consisted of all males born in Philadelphia in
  1945 and who lived there from age 10 to 18 (10,000
  subjects)

• Second Cohort consisted of all males and females born
  in Philadelphia in 1958 and who lived there from age 10-
  18 (included 30,000 subjects)



                     40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
                     San Francisco, CA 94103
                                               © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Methodology

Relied on official arrest statistics
(measure of official delinquency)




       40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
       San Francisco, CA 94103
                                 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
PHILADELPHIA COHORT FINDINGS
               COHORT I (1945)
• 35% HAD AT LEAST ONE CONTACT WITH THE
  POLICE AS JUVENILES

• APPROXIMATLY 6% ACCOUNTED FOR 51% OF ALL
  RECORDED DELINQUENT ACTS

• CHRONIC OFFENDERS (5 OR MORE CONTACTS WITH
  POLICE) ACCOUNTED FOR 71% OF HOMICIDES, 73%
  OF RAPES, 82% OF ROBBERIES, AND 69% OF
  AGGRAVATED ASSAULTS


               40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
               San Francisco, CA 94103
                                         © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
PHILADELPHIA COHORT FINDINGS
             COHORT I (1945) continued
• Involvement With The Juvenile Court Had An Escalating
  Effect On Delinquent Behavior

• Youths Progressed From Less Serious To More Serious
  Delinquency

• Later Cohort Was More Likely To Have Committed More
  Violent Offenses And To Have More Repeat Offenses For
  Index Crimes



                    40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
                    San Francisco, CA 94103
                                              © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Philadelphia Cohort Study
                      Cohort II (1958)

• 33% of young males had at least one juvenile arrest

• 14% of young females had at least one juvenile arrest

• Chronic offenders constituted 7.5% of the male and female
  population

• Cohort II had more recorded acts of violence that cohort I




                      40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
                      San Francisco, CA 94103
                                                © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Recent Cohort studies
• Pittsburgh

• Rochester

• Denver

• Orange County




                   40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
                   San Francisco, CA 94103
                                             © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Self Report Studies

Compiles information from people about
    crimes they have committed




         40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
         San Francisco, CA 94103
                                   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Self Report Studies
• First published studies appeared in the 1930s and 40s

• Show that delinquency occurs within all social classes

• Nearly 90% of respondents admit committing a delinquent act
  within the past 3 years

• Race and class differences occur in regard to serious and
  consistent delinquency



                      40 Boardman Place                             www.cjcj.org
                      San Francisco, CA 94103
                                                © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
KEY TERMS
• Uniform Crime Report            •   Cohort Studies
• Part I Offenses                 •   Aging out
• Part II Offense                 •   Desistance
• Disaggregated                   •   Age of Onset
• Self Report Studies             •   Chronic offender
• National Crime                  •   Chronic recidivists
  Victimization studies           •   Early Onset
• Status offender
• Delinquent offender
                40 Boardman Place                               www.cjcj.org
                San Francisco, CA 94103
                                            © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013

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2. unoffical measures of delinquency

  • 1. Measures of Juvenile Crime Sorting myth from fact 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 2. Measuring Delinquency Through Cohort Studies A cohort study examines a selected group of individuals, born at the same time and living in the same place, over a long period of time 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 3. Longitudinal cohort studies examine the following: • Age the delinquent career begins – onset • Duration of the delinquent career • Termination of delinquent care (desistance, aging out) • Extent of delinquency within a population • Gender difference in delinquent patterns 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 4. Philadelphia Cohort Study conducted by Marvin Wolfgang and associates Two Birth Cohorts: • First Cohort consisted of all males born in Philadelphia in 1945 and who lived there from age 10 to 18 (10,000 subjects) • Second Cohort consisted of all males and females born in Philadelphia in 1958 and who lived there from age 10- 18 (included 30,000 subjects) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 5. Methodology Relied on official arrest statistics (measure of official delinquency) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 6. PHILADELPHIA COHORT FINDINGS COHORT I (1945) • 35% HAD AT LEAST ONE CONTACT WITH THE POLICE AS JUVENILES • APPROXIMATLY 6% ACCOUNTED FOR 51% OF ALL RECORDED DELINQUENT ACTS • CHRONIC OFFENDERS (5 OR MORE CONTACTS WITH POLICE) ACCOUNTED FOR 71% OF HOMICIDES, 73% OF RAPES, 82% OF ROBBERIES, AND 69% OF AGGRAVATED ASSAULTS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 7. PHILADELPHIA COHORT FINDINGS COHORT I (1945) continued • Involvement With The Juvenile Court Had An Escalating Effect On Delinquent Behavior • Youths Progressed From Less Serious To More Serious Delinquency • Later Cohort Was More Likely To Have Committed More Violent Offenses And To Have More Repeat Offenses For Index Crimes 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 8. Philadelphia Cohort Study Cohort II (1958) • 33% of young males had at least one juvenile arrest • 14% of young females had at least one juvenile arrest • Chronic offenders constituted 7.5% of the male and female population • Cohort II had more recorded acts of violence that cohort I 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 9. Recent Cohort studies • Pittsburgh • Rochester • Denver • Orange County 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 10. Self Report Studies Compiles information from people about crimes they have committed 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 11. Self Report Studies • First published studies appeared in the 1930s and 40s • Show that delinquency occurs within all social classes • Nearly 90% of respondents admit committing a delinquent act within the past 3 years • Race and class differences occur in regard to serious and consistent delinquency 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 12. KEY TERMS • Uniform Crime Report • Cohort Studies • Part I Offenses • Aging out • Part II Offense • Desistance • Disaggregated • Age of Onset • Self Report Studies • Chronic offender • National Crime • Chronic recidivists Victimization studies • Early Onset • Status offender • Delinquent offender 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013