Overcoming Scalability Challenges in CHW Programs_Sarah Sullivan_10.14.11
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Overcoming Scalability Challenges in CHW Programs_Sarah Sullivan_10.14.11
- 1. CHWs in Global Health:Scale and Scalability Anne Liu, Sarah Sullivan, Mohammed Khan, Sonia Sachs and Prabhjot Singh MSJM 78:419-435, 2011
- 2. Overview NEED: Focus on program design for scalability of CHW systems HIGHLIGHT: Innovations responding to identified challenges in CHW systems at scale CONCLUSION: Leveraging innovations in systems management, supervision, financial sustainability, deployment planning and integration with PHC systems will enhance scalability of CHW systems
- 3. Background Strengthening PHC systems National scale focus Low-cost, simple and proven community-based interventions HRH crisis and accessibility of primary care Renewed focus on CHW systems’ potential to address access to PHC in resource-poor areas
- 4. Approach 4 Case Studies of CHW Programs at National Scale, Strengths and Challenges 3 Case Studies of Innovations in Scalability through CHW system management Cases chosen for prominence, range and availability of program reports/evaluations
- 5. Definitions Broadly defined CHW: auxiliary health workers or community-based lay health workers Scale Scalability
- 6. Case Studies: Programs at Scale India’s ASHA Program Pakistan’s LHW Program Ethiopia’s HEW Program Brazil’s Health Agents Program
- 7. Case Studies: Programs at Scale Reached scale through phased implementation approaches: Deployment at scale is achievable Program design includes integration with the PHC system Limited, emerging evidence of impact on health outcomes
- 8. Challenges at Scale Management and supervisory capacity Integration with local governance for reliable financing and supplies Limited execution of strong system management program designs Strength of PHC system support structures, ability to provide link to continuum of care Process improvement lags
- 9. Case Studies: Innovations in Scalability BRAC: Cost recovery and Financial Sustainability innovations PIH: Management, supervision and PHC system integration MVP: Supervision and process improvement innovations, integrated PHC system management
- 10. Case Studies: Innovations in Scalability BRAC: Cost recovery and Financial Sustainability innovations PIH: Management, supervision and PHC system integration MVP: Supervision and process improvement innovations, integrated PHC system management
- 12. Case Studies: Innovations in Scalability Development of well-managed scalable units Innovative programs address systems management challenges faced by programs at national scale in 5 key areas
- 13. Key Findings Innovations are needed in key areas: A formal plan for deployment of CHWs Tight linkages with local PHC system Continuous improvement through active organizational management Incorporation of new technologies to support remote case management Sustainable financing structures
Editor's Notes
- Nearly 50% of all deaths of children under 5 are due to pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria and malnutrition – al preventable, treatable conditions in a primary-care setting; coverage of these interventions – antibiotics for pneumonia, antimalarial drugs (testing), ORS/zinc for diarrhea is low, particularly for the most vulnerable populationsWhen managed effectively, a CHW program that is integrated into a well-functioning PHC system can promote care at the household level and function as a crucial link between community members and the PHC system (continuum of care)Large scale programs initiated in the 1960s, faded during the 1980s and now seeing a resurgence of interest in how to execute successful CHW programs at national scaleCHWs have been proven to make measurable impacts on health indicators across programmatic areas including management of childhood illness, increasing institutional delivery rates and directly observed therapy for infectious diseases
- Reviewed comprehensive reviews: Global Health Workforce Alliance review of CHW programs (2010); national program and NGO program reports; peer-reviewed program evaluationsFilter: Focus on systems management challenges rather than on health outcomes (operational research versus health outcomes for programs design)
- Scale: Recognition of an outer boundary, such as a national border, as the target area for deployment of HR and systems required to support HH servicesScalability: factors that ensure optimized functionality and sustainability of a program in the process of achieving scale
- India’s ASHA Program (Accredited Social Health Activist) Pakistan’s LHW: National Program for Family and Primary Health CareEthiopia’s Health Extension Program’s Health Extension WorkersBrazil’s Health Agents (Agentes de Saude)
- India’s ASHA Program (Accredited Social Health Activist) – over 462,000 ASHAs (95% of target) in 18 states by 2009 in under a decade, focused on institutional delivery through performance-based incentive structurePakistan’s LHW:in under a decade 100,000 LHWs in all states through phased scale up focused on program managementEthiopia: 30,000 in 5 years with 1 year of training each, facility-based managers of household extension volunteersBrazil: 240,000 across all states over 2 decades from 1 province’s innovative program
- ASHAs – poor links to government systems for formal supervision as envisioned in policy docs – poor supervision, lack of clear understanding of task expectations among ASHAs, uneven implementation based on uneven PHC system may miss most vulnerableLHWs – strong program design, delayed implementation, supervisory turnover, deficient disbursements of funds and supplies and unwieldy information management system, uneven based on uneven PHC systemEthiopia – expanded more quickly than PHC system could absorb for adequate management, supervision and facilitiesBrazil – strong integration and management structures, strong local linkages and data feedback loops
- BRAC: Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (largest NGO in the world, including CHV program which has expanded to 8 countries through 88,000 CHVs) – success at scale while innovating on cost recovery and financial sustainability mechanismsPIH accompagnateurs – linked explicitly to PHC system - PIH DOTS-Plus also uses integrated team model
- BRAC: Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (largest NGO in the world, including CHV program which has expanded to 8 countries through 88,000 CHVs) – success at scale while innovating on cost recovery and financial sustainability mechanismsPIH accompagnateurs – linked explicitly to PHC system - PIH DOTS-Plus also uses integrated team model
- BRAC: Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (largest NGO in the world, including CHV program which has expanded to 8 countries through 88,000 CHVs) – success at scale while innovating on cost recovery and financial sustainability mechanismsPIH accompagnateurs – linked explicitly to PHC system - PIH DOTS-Plus also uses integrated team model
- The programs highlighted here on this panel are each addressing these key elements of scalability through their programmatic efforts#3 includes management of CHW system as a scalable unit; supervision focus; scaling of CHW system in tandem with PHC system for supervision and capacity to take on continuum of care responsibilities due to increased coverage; data usage; community engagement and beneficiary control over the sytem