Constructional Techniques in 2k18

Chaitanya Shimpi CA Talk
1
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN 2018
Chaitanya
Shimpi
Construction
Technology
in 2k18

2
Building Construction: Means & Methods
Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property.
Most of building construction projects are small renovations, such as
addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the
property acts as labourer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project.
However, all building construction projects include some elements in
common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of
varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structure collapse, cost
overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience in the
field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project
to ensure a positive outcome.
Building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various
delivery methodologies, including hard bid, negotiated price, traditional,
management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build
and design-build bridging.
Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must
conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice.
Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction
materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction
on a per square metre (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary

3
dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale
(custom designed homes are always more expensive to build) and the
availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential (as well as all other types
of construction and manufactured homes) can generate a lot of waste,
careful planning again is needed here.
The most popular method of residential construction in the United States is
wood framed construction. As efficiency codes have come into effect in
recent years, new construction technologies and methods have emerged.
University Construction Management departments are on the cutting edge
of the newest methods of construction intended to improve efficiency,
performance and reduce construction waste.
Building construction, the techniques and industry involved in the
assembly and erection of structures, primarily those used to provide shelter.
Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely
functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects
of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings
were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a
global species.
Human shelters were at first very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days
or months. Over time, however, even temporary structures evolved into such
highly refined forms as the igloo. Gradually more durable structures began
to appear, particularly after the advent of agriculture, when people began to
stay in one place for long periods. The first shelters were dwellings, but later
other functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were housed in separate
buildings. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional
value, marking the beginning of the distinction between architecture and
building.
The history of building is marked by a number of trends. One is the
increasing durability of the materials used. Early building materials were
perishable, such as leaves, branches, and animal hides. Later, more durable
natural materials—such as clay, stone, and timber—and, finally, synthetic
materials—such as brick, concrete, metals, and plastics—were used.
Another is a quest for buildings of ever greater height and span; this was
made possible by the development of stronger materials and by knowledge
of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage.

4
A third major trend involves the degree of control exercised over the
interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air
temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, odours, air speed, and other
factors that affect human comfort has been possible. Yet another trend is the
change in energy available to the construction process, starting with human
muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery used today.
The present state of building construction is complex. There is a wide range
of building products and systems which are aimed primarily at groups of
building types or markets. The design process for buildings is highly
organized and draws upon research establishments that study material
properties and performance, code officials who adopt and enforce safety
standards, and design professionals who determine user needs and design a
building to meet those needs. The construction process is also highly
organized; it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems,
the craftsmen who assemble them on the building site, the contractors who
employ and coordinate the work of the craftsmen, and consultants who
specialize in such aspects as construction management, quality control, and
insurance.
Building construction today is a significant part of industrial culture,
a manifestation of its diversity and complexity and a measure of its mastery
of natural forces, which can produce a widely varied built environment to
serve the diverse needs of society. This article first traces the history of
building construction, then surveys its development now. For treatment of
the aesthetic considerations of building design, see architecture.
Concrete & Reinforced Concrete
This concrete is termed as RCC since along with the concrete reinforcement
is also present. There is various grade of concrete used based on the building
load. The grades of concrete start from M15 to M40 and special grade can be
of M60, M80. The mix grade can be of proportion of coarse sand/M-
sand+cement & slag/fly ash + 10mm down aggregate+ 20mm aggregate +
water + admixtures.These trial mixes are designed & tested in labs for 07
days and 28 days to check the strength to be achieved based on the grade of
the concrete. Once the trial mix design gets approved the same design can be

5
used at sites. The common equipment’s used for mixing of above said
ingredients are:
• Weigh batcher+concrete drum mixer operated electrically or by diesel
• Batching plants of capacity 0.5 cum, 1.0 cum, 2.0 cum or 3.0cum
As we are discussing about RCC, we should discuss about Formwork also.
Regarding formwork there are two types:
• Conventional formwork
• Modern day formwork
1. Conventional Formwork:
In this system,
• Shuttering plate
• Plants/Plywood (commercial or marine) (8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 20mm,
25mm, thick) for sides, bottoms are used.
• To erect and support this formwork- timber, adjustable props, side
alignment props, cup-lock system, table form system, etc are used.
• Before the formwork is ready for receiving the reinforcement the surface
of the formwork will be oiled which will act as stripping agent while
stripping.
• Once all the reinforcement placing and tying works are completed, the
alignment and level check is done.
• After obtaining the checking clearance, concrete is placed.
2. System Formwork:
Following are the systems in the modern day:
• Self-climbing or slip formwork
• Mivan/Pascal formwork
• Proper preparatory works are to be carried out since once the erection
of formwork starts, the same will be moving up and up and will be
difficult to rectify if any defects observed and also it is a continuous
process. To erect and support this formwork-adjustable props, side
alignment props, etc are used.

6
• Before the formwork is ready for receiving the reinforcement the surface
of the formwork will be oiled which will act as stripping agent while
stripping.
• Once all the reinforcement placing and tying works are completed, the
alignment and level check is done.
• After obtaining the checking clearance, concrete is placed.
The mix concrete produced by the above methods can be transported
by wheel barrows, transit mixers (of capacities 1.0cum, 3.0cum, 6.0cum,
7.0cum) and placed in the confined conventional formwork either by
manual or pumping means. For pumping of concrete to various depths,
heights and distances the most common equipment’s used are concrete
pumps, boom placers, tower cranes and concrete buckets.
After placing of concrete in the confined formwork, the concrete
should be vibrated either by manual or vibrators with vibrator needles
and tamping the sides with the help of wooden tampers for concrete to
flow to all corners and also to remove the entrapped air bubbles. With
this process the entire concrete placed will become dense and no honey-
combing are seen once the formwork is stripped down.
Steel and Composite Structures
Steel Buildings: These are one type of buildings out of other type like RCC,
masonry buildings etc. These are mostly predominant in the industrial and
commercial industry like industrial sheds. The common components are
mainly like foundations with foundation bolts, Vertical columns, trusses,
purlins, side sheeting, roof sheeting etc. In the modern-day technology,
usage of PEB (Pre-engineered building) structures is on the rise. These
structures can be erected and completed very fast, as they are fabricated at
ground and erected. Round the clock work can be carried out by taking
proper safety measures. These structures can be used for storages,
manufacturing units, logistics, etc. These structures are safer than concrete
buildings from earthquakes as damages are very minimal. Nowadays more
and more residential buildings are being constructed as steel buildings as
their structural life span is comparatively more. Even with these structures,
the environment is protected as the generation of construction debris is less
and can be recycled.

7
Finishing Materials
Exterior finishing materials
The common exterior finishing materials used are: 1. Paints 2. Natural
stones-granite, marble, etc. Ceramics tiles 3. Textures 4. Glass 5. Aluminium
sheeting, ACP 6. Glass Fibre sheets 7. Roof tiles 8. Wood/timber
These materials are used as per the availability within the locality unless
these are to be specially procured.
Interior finishing materials
The common interior finishing materials used are:
1. Paints
2. Natural stones - granite, marble, etc.
3. Textures
4. Glass
5. Aluminium sheeting
6. Glass Fibre sheets
7. Ceramic/vitrified/mosaic tiles
8. Wood/timber
9. Gypboards
These materials are used as per the availability within the locality unless
these are to be specially procured.
Crushing Techniques of Rock
From time immemorial holes have been dug in the ground with chisels,
hammers, shovels and pickaxes. In some ruins of ancient people, deer horns
were unearthed, which were probably used as pickaxes. In around the 8th
century BC, people in today’s Persia started construction of irrigation canals,
which were called “qanat”, using pickaxes and shovels. The qanats ran
without supports for 5 to 10 km and sometimes went as far as 70 km because
the route was chosen following the ground firm enough for nonsupport
excavation. Tunnels for military roads or water supply were also built in
Roman days, by manual digging. When they encountered hard rock, they
tried to slacken the rock by heating it up with fire and cooling it down with

8
water. After gunpowder was invented, it was used to explode the rock into
pieces, although it was in the latter half of the 19th century that modern
blasting techniques was developed with the invention of dynamite and
development of rock drills.
Improvement of machines to dig tunnels was accelerated when the
Industrial Revolution promoted expansion of the railroad network and the
construction of long tunnels for railroad over the Alps was started. Alfred
Nobel invented dynamite in 1866 and the blasting cap in 1867.
Improvement of rock drills started in the early part of the 19th century with
a rotary drill using steam developed by Richard Trevithick in 1813, and a
hammer drill by the Singer Brothers in 1838. Browton made use of
compressed air in 1844, and a compressed air hammer drill that rotates a
chisel to hit and break rock was then developed by Fowl in 1851. In 1861,
Germain Sommeiller started to use improved drilling machines and he built
the Mont Cenis tunnel in the Alps between Italy and France in 1870. In 1897,
J. G. Rheiner invented the “water liner” method, in which compressed air is
sent through hollow steel chisels to the drilled hole bottom and blow off
crushed muck to remove. Combined use of the improved rock drills and
dynamite led the construction of the Simplon Tunnel to its completion, a 20
km long transalpine tunnel connecting Italy and Switzerland, in 1905.

9
The dawn of the 20th century saw the debut of a jumbo, which is equipped
with many large compressed air rock drills. In 1970, hydraulic rock drills
emerged, which provide enhanced drilling performance with higher
pressure and greater hammering rotation than those of compressed air
drills. The latest models of rock drills are excellent in various functions as
well as in improved performance of drilling. Some are equipped with angle
sensors and hydraulic sensors to ensure parallel drilling, accuracy in
positioning and setting of angles. Computer-aided jumbos equipped with an
automatic drilling management system have also been developed and widely
used due to improvement of the automation techniques.
Tunnel Construction Technology
Tunnel construction usually involves crushing of rock to remove it out of the
tunnel and supporting of the excavated space. According to this definition,
tunnelling technology generally covers “crushing of rock,” “transport and
removal of muck,” and “supporting an excavated space.”
Large Space Technology
The world’s oldest large-space building extant today is the Pantheon,
constructed in the beginning of the 2nd century in Rome to enshrine Roman
gods. Today, large space is very much sought after in various buildings,
including railroad stations, airports, halls, stadiums and commercial
complexes. Large space technology is generally categorized into techniques
of “structure”, “erection” and “simulation”.

10
The structural technique concerns with structures to support the roofs of
large spaces. Regular plans so far proposed include a 3D truss structure
composed of triangles, a semi-sphere shaped geodesic dome structure
developed by Richard Buckminster Fuller, a beam string structure using
pretensioned cables, and a membrane structure in which a roof is supported
by enhancing internal pressure of a building over external pressure. An
increasing number of newly built stadiums have their roofs capable of
opening and closing, which shows that more and more complicated
mechanisms are used for large space facilities.
The openable mechanism is also diversifying into sliding, folding and
rotating types. The erection technique considers how to construct the long-
span roofs of large spaces which obtain sufficient strength when the entire
roof structure is completed.
The basic concepts are the temporary-support method and the lift-up
method. In the standard procedure of temporary supporting, temporary
supports and scaffolds are formed first to assemble each part of a roof at its
position, after the entire roof assembling is completed and the required
strength of the roof structure is confirmed, then those temporary
installations are dismantled. In the procedure for lifting-up, on the other
hand, the whole roof structure assembling is finished on the ground level
and the required strength of the roof is confirmed.
Then hydraulic jacks are set to columns, and the entire roof is lifted with
computer control. Although it depends on the scale and the structure, the
lift-up method features quicker and safer construction and can save cost
more. The finds ways to accurately ensure environmental comfort, such as
air-conditioning and lighting, for large spaces. Computational simulation is
conducted for temperature, humidity, air current, illumination intensity and
acoustics under the expected conditions assuming various shapes of roofs
with open or close state, thus a high level of comfort and energy saving in
actual structures are realized.

11
Seismic Technology
The conventional standard of earthquake resistance is how to construct a
building rigid enough to resist seismic force (rigid structure) or flexible
enough to (flexible structure). Buildings constructed with either concept will
suffer less damage and will not fail in the face of a major earthquake, but
equipment, furnishings and installations inside the building will receive
devastating damage.
The state-of-the-art building engineering concept aims at control and
mitigation of seismic force itself to the building in order to reduce vibration
and protect the building as well as what is inside. These techniques are
categorized into two types, vibration control and seismic isolation.
A vibration-controlled structure is designed to set off seismic force by giving
a counter force in the opposite direction and is categorized into “active” and
“passive” control depending on how to set off seismic force. Active damping
controls vibration energy by giving a reaction force generated with, for
instance, computer-controlled hydraulic power after detecting seismic
vibration with sensors. Passive damping absorbs vibration energy with
inertial force generated by, for instance, pendulums. Vibration damping is an
indispensable technology for today’s super high-rises.
A seismic isolation structure has an isolation layer, in which rubber or
sliding bearings are installed to absorb and reduce seismic force
transmission to floors above the isolation layer for vibration mitigation. The
isolation layer is generally set on the foundation, but some buildings have it
among the middle-height floors depending on the building shapes. This
technique is effective especially for low- to mid-rise buildings.
Super Highrise Building Technology
Super Highrise buildings are supported by advanced structural analysis
techniques and materials technology. Super high-rises towering over 200 m
high were once constructed mainly as steel-frame structures. Now, many
super high-rises we see today use reinforced concrete, which excels steel-
frame structures in constructability and economic efficiency. These
buildings owe their structural excellence to the development of high-
strength concrete technology whose strength is several times higher than

12
that of ordinary concrete. Concrete with very high strength featuring 80 to
130 N/mm2 is used in those new buildings under strict quality control. In
addition, the CFT method, in which concrete is filled in steel columns to
enhance compressive strength, was developed to achieve further economic
super high-rises. One of the outstanding technological elements that support
super high-rises is earthquake resistant engineering, which is to be
discussed in the next section. It makes very high buildings comfortable and
safe living space by employing vibration damping structures, such as braces
and reaction-generating pendulums to set off an external force due to
seismic action or wind pressure
Architectural Technology
Primitive structures, or buildings used for people to live and stay, are mainly
pit houses, made up of pits in the ground with roofing. These structures have
been unearthed at various parts of the world. Thousands of years ago, with
simple tools which humans learned to make and use, they constructed
dwellings for shelter from rain by making use of natural materials, such as
grass, wood, stone, mud and animal skin. With the development of civilized
society, they came to make buildings that have symbolic meanings, such as
religious, hierarchical, or memorial, beyond the original meaning of
dwellings.

13
Those buildings are temples, palaces and theaters, one of whose
representatives is the pyramids. Depending on natural conditions, under
which civilization it was born, and social conditions, such as thought, religion
or hierarchy, a variety of buildings with various architectural firms have
been built around the world. These buildings expanded their dimensions
vertically and laterally as new building materials and techniques were
developed. Good examples are temples and churches existent in Europe
dating back to the middle ages. The emergence of modern architecture was
timed with the industrial revolution in the 19th century in Europe. The
industrial revolution accelerated industrialization and propelled the
economy by leaps and bounds. Demands for buildings also drastically
changed, requiring more functional, efficient and economical factories and
other industrial facilities. Reinforced concrete and steel reinforced concrete
buildings using such new building materials as steel, cement and glass have
become a steady scene. The demand for dimensional expansion in height and
space increased accordingly. Today, we see cities growing intensively
populated, spatially gigantic and more and more information-oriented.
Requests for buildings also become more diversified. Building technology
that makes “super high-rises” and “buildings with big spaces” possible has
never been more important.
Latest Construction Techniques Trends in Industries
Prefabrication
Prefabrication has come a long way and is gaining in popularity as pressure
ratchets up on project budgets and timelines. The technique has a few big
advantages:
• Building elements in a factory before on-site assembly keeps more
of the job out of the elements that could potentially delay
construction.
• With external conditions well-controlled, fewer workers are
needed to build prefabricated parts compared to what would be
needed on site.
Expect to see more projects utilize prefabrication techniques — especially
those on strict deadlines with tight budgets.

14
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
BIM has also been around a few years, but the technology improved to the
point where contractors and owners are finding it extremely useful.
BIM software allows designers to produce 3D mockups of a planned
structure that also incorporate cost and time information. Variables — such
as construction methods or different materials — can be manipulated in
the software to compare the costs over time of differing techniques or
materials used.
Virtual reality / Augmented reality
Construction companies have begun using VR/AR tech to enhance worker
safety training. It allows workers to visualize what they’re learning instead
of just reading it in a booklet.
That reinforces how serious construction site hazards can be and has made
worksites safer.
Firms also use apps that tie VR/AR tech to their BIM software. This allows
contractors and owners to do virtual walkthroughs of a structure long
before it’s complete.
That allows owners to make more informed design decisions earlier in the
construction process, saving time and cutting costs.
Permeable concrete
Overuse or inappropriate design of roads or other concrete structures has
taxed municipal sewer systems and forced local governments to spend
precious public resources on runoff mitigation.
The concrete allows rainwater to seep down into the ground as it normally
would instead of pooling or running off.

15
That’s shown to take the burden off municipal sewer systems, extending
their life, saving repair costs and eliminating the need for costly upgrades.
Fly ash bricks
Waste ash is typically stored in “ash ponds” that do nothing but sit, posing
serious risks to groundwater.
That was the case in India, where the rapid expansion of coal-fired plants
prompted concerned locals to wonder whether there was a way to use the
mountains of coal ash quickly rising across the country.
Fly ash bricks are lighter and stronger than traditional bricks or cinder
blocks. They’re also cheaper to make. It’s helped mitigate the fly ash
problems in India while also making it cheaper to build dwellings for a
rapidly-increasing population.
Solar roads and materials
The technology is expensive and has yet to be perfected, but the potential
benefits of dual-use materials such as solar roads has proved too attractive
to abandon.
The maturation of technology that allows electric vehicles to charge up
while in contact with solar roads sweetens the pot.
Solar-capable building materials may put the enterprising fly ash brick
makers out of business, but they may also help end our reliance on fossil
fuels for power generation.

16
https://www.facebook.com/catalk2u
Mail Us : info@catalk2u.com
https://chat.whatsapp.com/GDtZqNVYN
hM2SHhQZVCQh5
Whatever good things we Build
end up using us
By
Chaitanya Shimpi
https://www.catalk2u.com

Constructional Techniques in 2k18

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Similar a Constructional Techniques in 2k18

Similar a Constructional Techniques in 2k18 (20)

Último

Último (20)

Constructional Techniques in 2k18