SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 31
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Physiology & Mental Health
Integrating the elements of the mind and body to improve
client success with psychological treatment
iHES...who we are
Innovative Health Education Solutions (iHES) uses
unbiased behavioral analyses and assessments to gather
actionable data to apply interventions based on the
principles of learning theory. The objective design,
implementation, and evaluation of programs, procedures,
and technology are used to improve socially significant
behaviors based on solution driven goals resulting in
personal, organizational, and institutional best practices.
iHES...what we do
iHES provides educational services that focus on making
quantifiable academic progress by guiding therapeutic
activities that are intrinsically motivating, addresses
foundational and functional areas of need, and are linked to
all with varying special needs, ranging from children who
have a formal diagnosis and may be struggling with
situations,such as focusing in the classroom, to adults who
need help in improving interpersonal and intrapersonal
relationships.
Physiology and Mental Health
The Brain minus Pinky
Information overload
Pons-relays impulses to and from the medulla
oblongata and the cerebrum and cerebellum
Corpus Callosum-nerve fibers that connect the
cerebral hemispheres
Medulla Oblongata-controls cardiac impulses
transmitted from the heart to the peripheral nerves,
initiates impulses that travel to smooth muscle,
causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation, works
with the pons to regulate breathing rate, rhythm,
and depth.
The Amygdala
The amygdala receives inputs from all senses as well as visceral
inputs. Since the amygdala is very important in emotional learning it
is not surprising that visceral inputs are a major input source.
The central nucleus of the amygdala produces autonomic
components of emotion (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure,
and respiration) primarily through output pathways to the lateral
hypothalamus and brain stem.
Getting nervous yet?
Autonomic Nervous System-the portion of
the peripheral nervous systems that contains
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions.
Sympathetic-prepares the body for energy-
expending, stress or emergency situations
Parasympathetic is active under ordinary,
restful conditions and counterbalances the
sympathetic system and restores
homeostasis.
Autonomically nervous?
Motor and Sensory Control
The General Adaptation Syndrome
● A pattern of stress responses consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance,
and exhaustion (Insel & Roth, 2010).
Flight
or
Flight
Response
Allostatic Load
● Long term exposure to stress hormones such as cortisol has been linked
to several acute and chronic health problems.
● The long-term wear and tear of the stress response is called the allostatic
load (Insel & Roth, 2010).
● Allostatic load is dependent on many factors;
o genetic
o life experiences
o emotional and behavioral responses
● Individuals need to develop coping mechanisms to shut down the stress
response and to restore the balance (homeostasis) and return to the
resistance stage.
Locus of Control
● Belief that someone or something else controls a situation or that an
individual not act in a particular way because of peer repercussion thus
becoming easily frustrated is a characteristic of external locus of control
(Donatelle, 2013)
● Belief that an individual believes they they have power over their own
action is an internal locus of control. Results in stating their opinion and
being true to their beliefs (Donatelle, 2013).
OUT OF EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
WHICH ONE IS KEY IN CONTROLLING
PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SOCIAL, & EMOTIONAL HEALTH?
Who, what, when, why, & where?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2013), the most common
psychological disorders in the United States are ____________ and
__________ _________?
Both William James (1899) and Hippocrates (n.d.) prescribed exercise for their
patients who suffered from these disorders!
SO WHY AREN’T WE DOING IT?
The Dimensions of Wellness & Health
-Physical Wellness -
Physical Health
-Emotional Wellness* -
Emotional Health*
-Intellectual Wellness* -
Intellectual Health*
-Interpersonal Wellness* -Social Health*
-Spiritual Wellness -
Spiritual Health
-Environmental Wellness -Environmental
Health
Etiology of mental health
● Actions at the brain level are responsible for most if not all mental and
psychological processes (Dishman, Washburn, and Heath, 2012).
● Brain functioning is controlled by genes
● Social, developmental, and environmental factors can produce alterations
in gene expression
● Alterations in gene expression induce changes in brain functioning
THEREFORE
● Treatments for mental illness exert their effect by producing alterations in
gene expression, resulting in beneficial changes in brain function
(Dishman, Washburn, and Heath, 2012).
Development and Learning
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (2009) suggest that a child's
cognitive development is about a child developing or constructing a mental
model of the world.
Piaget believed that children think differently than adults and stated they go
through four (4) universal stages of cognitive development.
Development is biologically based and changes as the child matures.
Cognition develops in all children in the same sequence of stages.
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
0 - 2 yrs. 2 - 7 yrs. 7 – 11 yrs.
Development and Learning
Piaget (1952) did not explicitly relate his theory to education, although later
researchers have explained how features of Piaget's theory can be applied to
teaching and learning.
Learning should be centered and accomplished through active discovery. Thus
the role of the provider is to facilitate learning, rather than direct tuition.
“Learning comes from the act of drawing out education not pouring it in”
Development and Learning
Providers should encourage the following within the learning environment:
● Focus on the process of learning, rather than the end product of it.
● Using active methods that require rediscovering or reconstructing
"truths".
● Using collaborative, as well as individual activities (so individuals can
learn from each other).
● Devising situations that present useful problems, and create
disequilibrium in the individual.
● Evaluate the level of the individual’s development, so suitable tasks can
be set.
Development and Learning
According to Piaget (1958), assimilation and
accommodation require an active learner, not a passive
one, because problem-solving skills cannot be taught,
they must be discovered.
In vs. Out and Ex vs In...
The comprehensive theory of human motivation, Self-
Determination Theory (SDT), developed by Edward Deci
and Richard Ryan (1985), suggests that intrinsic
motivation, the most internalized form of motivation, is
dependent on the fulfillment of three basic human needs:
autonomy, competence and relatedness. If these needs are
indeed fulfilled, self-determination to engage in a particular
behavior is much more likely.
In vs. Out and Ex vs In...
In vs. Out and Ex vs In...
Doing a particular behavior because of guilt or wanting the approval of others drives introjected
regulation and is slightly more internalized than external regulation.
Someone who experiences identified regulation may participate in a behavior because it may be
beneficial in achieving an important goal; however, the activity may still not be enjoyable to this
individual.
The most internalized form of extrinsic motivation is integrated regulation. Here, the individual
experiences an agreement between personal values or beliefs and the behavior.
At the very right of the continuum is intrinsic motivation. Someone who is intrinsically motivated
does not really need encouragement because the activity itself is enjoyable.
Typically, this individual’s needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are satisfied here. This
client may simply need you as a means for learning new skills, continued relatedness and challenge.
Is it physical activity, exercise, or physical fitness?
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal
muscles that results in energy expenditure (i.e. occupational, sports,
household, conditioning).
Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and
repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or
maintenance of physical fitness (i.e. running a 5K, lifting weights/resistance
training)
Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related (i.e.
cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, reaction time, vertical jump)
Physical activity and mental health
● Physical activity is a unique concept among behavioral
treatments for mental health.
● Increasing the metabolism through physical exertion
produces several acute and chronic adaptations
regarding mental health.
● Alterations to the endorphin hormones reduces arousal
which in turn alters brain electrocortical activity.
Physical activity and mental health
● Suppression of noradrenaline and serotonin levels influences
the brain benzodiazepine systems. Physical activity increases
adrenaline and serotonin helping the brain level the system
off.
● Physical activity helps reduce muscles reflexes and tension;
therefore, it helps the brain (made up of smooth muscle
fibers) to relax.
● Physical activity and exercise activates the sympathetic
nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical
axis (HPA axis) which helps to regulate the immune
State and Trait Anxiety
● State anxiety is defined as moment to moment changes in feelings
of nervousness, worry, and apprehension associated with arousal
of the body. State anxiety also refers to “right now” feelings that
change from moment to moment.
● Trait anxiety is defined as an acquired disposition that predisposes
a person to perceive a wide-range of objectively non-dangerous
circumstances as threatening and to respond to these with
disproportionate state anxiety levels. It is also considered to be a
personality disposition that is stable over time.
State and Trait Anxiety
● State anxiety
o Raglin & Wilson (1996), reported that state anxiety can remain
decreased up to two (2) hours after 20 minutes of aerobic
exercise.
● Trait anxiety
o Petruzzello et al. (1991) and Landers and Petruzzello (1994)
concluded through meta-analyses studies that there was on
0.05 standard deviation regarding a reduction in changes in
anxiety levels among participants.
How would you use this therapy?
● Many mental health disorders may be associated with
imbalances in neurotransmitters which are the
chemicals that influence the activity of brain cells that
regulate mood, pleasure, and rational thought (Kandal,
1998).
● The amygdala plays a key role integrating overt
behavior, autonomic responses, and hormonal
response during stress and emotion.
● Activity in the amygdala is elevated among
patients/clients with depression or anxiety disorders.
How would you use this therapy?
● The hippocampus processes memories of the
environmental content in which an emotion occurs. If
there is damage to the hippocampus the emotion will
still be experiences oftentimes at inappropriate times
and places.
● The goal is to remove the environmental anxiety or
imbalance thus enabling the creation of a truly
therapeutic environment.
References
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health
Reports, 100(2), 126–131.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum
Dishman, R.K., Washburn, R.A., & Heath, G.W. (2012). Physical activity epidemiology (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Donatelle, R.J. (2013). Health: the basics-green edition (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Garrett, B. (2011). Brain & behavior: An introduction to biological psychology (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Insel, P.M., & Roth, W.T. (2010). Core concepts in health (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.
James, W. (1899). Talks to teachers on psychology: And to students on some of the life’s ideals. New York: Holt.
Kandal, E.R. (1998). A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4): 457-469.
McLeod, S. A. (2009). Jean Piaget. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html.
Petruzzello, S.J., and Landers, D.M. (1994). State anxiety reduction and exercise: Does hemispheric activation reflect such changes? Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 26(8): 1028-1035.
Petruzzello, S.J., Landers, D.M., Hatfield, B.D., Kubitz, K.A., and Salazar, W. (1991). A meta-analysis on the anxiety reducing the effects of acute and chronic exercise:
Outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Medicine, 11(3): 143-182.
Piaget, J., & Cook, M. T. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children.
Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence. AMC, 10, 12.
Raglin, J.S., and Wilson, M. (1996). State anxiety following 20 minutes of bicycle ergometer exercise at selected intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine 17:467-471.

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

ASN 215: Mental Health/Mental Illness
ASN 215: Mental Health/Mental IllnessASN 215: Mental Health/Mental Illness
ASN 215: Mental Health/Mental Illnesspenickj
 
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders kbolinsky
 
Mental health
Mental healthMental health
Mental healthAlaa Ali
 
ADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and Management
ADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and ManagementADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and Management
ADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and ManagementJacob Kagan
 
Mental Health Across Life Span
Mental Health Across Life SpanMental Health Across Life Span
Mental Health Across Life Spanmyckatok
 
Mental Health Awareness
Mental Health Awareness Mental Health Awareness
Mental Health Awareness Atikur Rahman
 
Mental Health Basic
Mental Health BasicMental Health Basic
Mental Health BasicErin Bell
 
PPT on Mental Health of Students
PPT on Mental Health of StudentsPPT on Mental Health of Students
PPT on Mental Health of Studentsindrani kalita
 
Characteristics of good mental health
Characteristics of good mental healthCharacteristics of good mental health
Characteristics of good mental healthKATHRYN RAYMUNDO
 
Classification of Mental disorders
Classification of Mental disorders Classification of Mental disorders
Classification of Mental disorders NURSING WAY
 
Mental health ppt.
Mental health ppt.Mental health ppt.
Mental health ppt.gusto80
 
Mental health awareness presentation
Mental health awareness presentationMental health awareness presentation
Mental health awareness presentationnasher1982
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Mental health awareness
Mental health awarenessMental health awareness
Mental health awareness
 
ASN 215: Mental Health/Mental Illness
ASN 215: Mental Health/Mental IllnessASN 215: Mental Health/Mental Illness
ASN 215: Mental Health/Mental Illness
 
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
 
Mental health
Mental health Mental health
Mental health
 
Mental health
Mental healthMental health
Mental health
 
Mental Health 1
Mental Health 1Mental Health 1
Mental Health 1
 
ADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and Management
ADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and ManagementADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and Management
ADHD and Addiction: Diagnosis and Management
 
Mental Health Across Life Span
Mental Health Across Life SpanMental Health Across Life Span
Mental Health Across Life Span
 
Mental health disorders
Mental health disordersMental health disorders
Mental health disorders
 
Mental Health Awareness
Mental Health Awareness Mental Health Awareness
Mental Health Awareness
 
Mental health
Mental healthMental health
Mental health
 
Mental health
Mental healthMental health
Mental health
 
Mental health
Mental healthMental health
Mental health
 
Mental Health Basic
Mental Health BasicMental Health Basic
Mental Health Basic
 
PPT on Mental Health of Students
PPT on Mental Health of StudentsPPT on Mental Health of Students
PPT on Mental Health of Students
 
Characteristics of good mental health
Characteristics of good mental healthCharacteristics of good mental health
Characteristics of good mental health
 
Classification of Mental disorders
Classification of Mental disorders Classification of Mental disorders
Classification of Mental disorders
 
Mental health ppt.
Mental health ppt.Mental health ppt.
Mental health ppt.
 
Mental health awareness presentation
Mental health awareness presentationMental health awareness presentation
Mental health awareness presentation
 
Mental health
Mental healthMental health
Mental health
 

Destacado

Unit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpoint
Unit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpointUnit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpoint
Unit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpointcoburgpsych
 
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...Plan de Calidad para el SNS
 
Recovery in mental health
Recovery in mental healthRecovery in mental health
Recovery in mental healthAgnes Bezzina
 
Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...
Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...
Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...Plan de Calidad para el SNS
 
Recovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal Journey
Recovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal JourneyRecovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal Journey
Recovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal JourneyThe Royal Mental Health Centre
 
Biological approach 2015
Biological approach 2015Biological approach 2015
Biological approach 2015Jill Jan
 
Understanding Mental Health and Mental Illness
Understanding Mental Health and Mental IllnessUnderstanding Mental Health and Mental Illness
Understanding Mental Health and Mental IllnessTeenMentalHealth.org
 
Models of mental health & illness
Models of mental health & illnessModels of mental health & illness
Models of mental health & illnessSudarshana Dasgupta
 

Destacado (10)

Using Technology for Mental Health Treatments
Using Technology for Mental Health Treatments Using Technology for Mental Health Treatments
Using Technology for Mental Health Treatments
 
Unit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpoint
Unit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpointUnit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpoint
Unit 4 Mental Health exam questions powerpoint
 
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear o...
 
Recovery in mental health
Recovery in mental healthRecovery in mental health
Recovery in mental health
 
Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...
Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...
Personal Health Technologies for Management of Mental Health – Prevention, Ea...
 
Recovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal Journey
Recovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal JourneyRecovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal Journey
Recovery from Mental Illness... Offering Hope Through Your Personal Journey
 
Biological approach 2015
Biological approach 2015Biological approach 2015
Biological approach 2015
 
Biological bases of human behavior
Biological bases of human behaviorBiological bases of human behavior
Biological bases of human behavior
 
Understanding Mental Health and Mental Illness
Understanding Mental Health and Mental IllnessUnderstanding Mental Health and Mental Illness
Understanding Mental Health and Mental Illness
 
Models of mental health & illness
Models of mental health & illnessModels of mental health & illness
Models of mental health & illness
 

Similar a Physiology and Mental Health

Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence a stu...
Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence  a stu...Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence  a stu...
Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence a stu...prjpublications
 
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 projectTtaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 projecttttaylor
 
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 projectTtaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 projecttttaylor
 
History of exercise (1)
History of exercise (1)History of exercise (1)
History of exercise (1)Nyla Diethelm
 
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...Sports Journal
 
Impact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdf
Impact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdfImpact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdf
Impact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdfCounsel India
 
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
 
Ish 2 nd 1st question
Ish 2 nd 1st questionIsh 2 nd 1st question
Ish 2 nd 1st questionharishmodgil
 
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...prjpublications
 
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...prjpublications
 
Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420
Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420
Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420danita8
 
Occupational therapy for autism in India
Occupational therapy for autism in IndiaOccupational therapy for autism in India
Occupational therapy for autism in Indiajewelautismcentre11
 
Biological Approach To Psychology Essay
Biological Approach To Psychology EssayBiological Approach To Psychology Essay
Biological Approach To Psychology EssayDeb Birch
 
Role of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overview
Role of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overviewRole of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overview
Role of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overviewRounak Patra
 
Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...
Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...
Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...insideout-admin
 
Chapter 1 What Is Psychologist
Chapter 1 What Is PsychologistChapter 1 What Is Psychologist
Chapter 1 What Is Psychologistc.meza
 

Similar a Physiology and Mental Health (20)

Positive Psychology Essay
Positive Psychology EssayPositive Psychology Essay
Positive Psychology Essay
 
Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence a stu...
Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence  a stu...Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence  a stu...
Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence a stu...
 
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 projectTtaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 project
 
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 projectTtaylor hw420-unit 5 project
Ttaylor hw420-unit 5 project
 
History of exercise (1)
History of exercise (1)History of exercise (1)
History of exercise (1)
 
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...
 
Impact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdf
Impact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdfImpact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdf
Impact of physical fitness on mental health_compressed_1706592867.pdf
 
Motivational
MotivationalMotivational
Motivational
 
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.
 
Ish 2 nd 1st question
Ish 2 nd 1st questionIsh 2 nd 1st question
Ish 2 nd 1st question
 
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
 
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...
 
Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420
Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420
Word 97 2003 mental fitness danita taylor hw420
 
Occupational therapy for autism in India
Occupational therapy for autism in IndiaOccupational therapy for autism in India
Occupational therapy for autism in India
 
ICF in Rehab
ICF in RehabICF in Rehab
ICF in Rehab
 
Biological Approach To Psychology Essay
Biological Approach To Psychology EssayBiological Approach To Psychology Essay
Biological Approach To Psychology Essay
 
Role of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overview
Role of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overviewRole of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overview
Role of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overview
 
Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...
Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...
Self regulation finalSelf Regulation for Children, Adolescents and Families, ...
 
Chapter 1 What Is Psychologist
Chapter 1 What Is PsychologistChapter 1 What Is Psychologist
Chapter 1 What Is Psychologist
 
Motivation
MotivationMotivation
Motivation
 

Más de Dr. Charles M. Ware

The Amgdala: Using the Body to Control Emotion
The Amgdala: Using the Body to Control EmotionThe Amgdala: Using the Body to Control Emotion
The Amgdala: Using the Body to Control EmotionDr. Charles M. Ware
 
Technology and New Tools in Nutrition Educaiton
Technology and New Tools in Nutrition EducaitonTechnology and New Tools in Nutrition Educaiton
Technology and New Tools in Nutrition EducaitonDr. Charles M. Ware
 
Integrative Health in Psychotherapy
Integrative Health in PsychotherapyIntegrative Health in Psychotherapy
Integrative Health in PsychotherapyDr. Charles M. Ware
 
Building Competency with Blended Learning
Building Competency with Blended LearningBuilding Competency with Blended Learning
Building Competency with Blended LearningDr. Charles M. Ware
 
Teaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning Styles
Teaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning StylesTeaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning Styles
Teaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning StylesDr. Charles M. Ware
 
Adult Learning Styles and Training Methods
Adult Learning Styles and Training MethodsAdult Learning Styles and Training Methods
Adult Learning Styles and Training MethodsDr. Charles M. Ware
 
Classroom Management in Higher Education
Classroom Management in Higher EducationClassroom Management in Higher Education
Classroom Management in Higher EducationDr. Charles M. Ware
 

Más de Dr. Charles M. Ware (10)

The Amgdala: Using the Body to Control Emotion
The Amgdala: Using the Body to Control EmotionThe Amgdala: Using the Body to Control Emotion
The Amgdala: Using the Body to Control Emotion
 
Psychosocial health
Psychosocial healthPsychosocial health
Psychosocial health
 
Technology and New Tools in Nutrition Educaiton
Technology and New Tools in Nutrition EducaitonTechnology and New Tools in Nutrition Educaiton
Technology and New Tools in Nutrition Educaiton
 
Integrative Health in Psychotherapy
Integrative Health in PsychotherapyIntegrative Health in Psychotherapy
Integrative Health in Psychotherapy
 
Building Competency with Blended Learning
Building Competency with Blended LearningBuilding Competency with Blended Learning
Building Competency with Blended Learning
 
Teaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning Styles
Teaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning StylesTeaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning Styles
Teaching Adults: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About Adult Learning Styles
 
Adult Learning Styles and Training Methods
Adult Learning Styles and Training MethodsAdult Learning Styles and Training Methods
Adult Learning Styles and Training Methods
 
Classroom Management in Higher Education
Classroom Management in Higher EducationClassroom Management in Higher Education
Classroom Management in Higher Education
 
Assessment Vs. Evaluation
Assessment Vs. EvaluationAssessment Vs. Evaluation
Assessment Vs. Evaluation
 
You Are How You Teach
You Are How You TeachYou Are How You Teach
You Are How You Teach
 

Último

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, Benefits
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, BenefitsArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, Benefits
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, BenefitsIris Thiele Isip-Tan
 
Introduction to Evaluation and Skin Benefits
Introduction to Evaluation and Skin BenefitsIntroduction to Evaluation and Skin Benefits
Introduction to Evaluation and Skin Benefitssahilgabhane29
 
Pharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptx
Pharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptxPharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptx
Pharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptxCliniminds India
 
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptxHealth literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptxPamela McKinney
 
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of HematinicsHematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinicsnetraangadi2
 
Three Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and Labor
Three Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and LaborThree Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and Labor
Three Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and LaborHealth Catalyst
 
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 202421 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024Traumasoft LLC
 
Understanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common Locations
Understanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common LocationsUnderstanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common Locations
Understanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common LocationsNeha Sharma
 
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion insteadEmpathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion insteadAlex Clapson
 
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHYCECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHYRMC
 
Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)
Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)
Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)bishwabandhuniraula
 
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports PsychologyEating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychologyshantisphysio
 
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes ManagementArtificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes ManagementIris Thiele Isip-Tan
 
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha KewatLARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha KewatNehaKewat
 
FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES 11
FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES  11FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES  11
FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES 11crzljavier
 
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCareAssisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCareratilalthakkar704
 

Último (20)

Annual Training
Annual TrainingAnnual Training
Annual Training
 
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, Benefits
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, BenefitsArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, Benefits
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Challenges, Risks, Benefits
 
Introduction to Evaluation and Skin Benefits
Introduction to Evaluation and Skin BenefitsIntroduction to Evaluation and Skin Benefits
Introduction to Evaluation and Skin Benefits
 
Pharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptx
Pharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptxPharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptx
Pharmacovigilance audits inspections.pptx
 
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptxHealth literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
 
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of HematinicsHematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
 
Three Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and Labor
Three Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and LaborThree Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and Labor
Three Keys to a Successful Margin: Charges, Costs, and Labor
 
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 202421 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
 
SCOPE OF CRITICAL CARE ORGANIZATION
SCOPE OF CRITICAL CARE ORGANIZATIONSCOPE OF CRITICAL CARE ORGANIZATION
SCOPE OF CRITICAL CARE ORGANIZATION
 
Understanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common Locations
Understanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common LocationsUnderstanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common Locations
Understanding Warts and Moles: Differences, Types, and Common Locations
 
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion insteadEmpathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
 
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHYCECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
 
Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)
Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)
Basics of Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCTB)
 
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports PsychologyEating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
 
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes ManagementArtificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
 
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha KewatLARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha Kewat
 
FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES 11
FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES  11FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES  11
FINAL PROJECT IN EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES 11
 
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
 
The Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdf
The Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdfThe Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdf
The Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdf
 
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCareAssisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
 

Physiology and Mental Health

  • 1. Physiology & Mental Health Integrating the elements of the mind and body to improve client success with psychological treatment
  • 2. iHES...who we are Innovative Health Education Solutions (iHES) uses unbiased behavioral analyses and assessments to gather actionable data to apply interventions based on the principles of learning theory. The objective design, implementation, and evaluation of programs, procedures, and technology are used to improve socially significant behaviors based on solution driven goals resulting in personal, organizational, and institutional best practices.
  • 3. iHES...what we do iHES provides educational services that focus on making quantifiable academic progress by guiding therapeutic activities that are intrinsically motivating, addresses foundational and functional areas of need, and are linked to all with varying special needs, ranging from children who have a formal diagnosis and may be struggling with situations,such as focusing in the classroom, to adults who need help in improving interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships.
  • 6. Information overload Pons-relays impulses to and from the medulla oblongata and the cerebrum and cerebellum Corpus Callosum-nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres Medulla Oblongata-controls cardiac impulses transmitted from the heart to the peripheral nerves, initiates impulses that travel to smooth muscle, causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation, works with the pons to regulate breathing rate, rhythm, and depth.
  • 7. The Amygdala The amygdala receives inputs from all senses as well as visceral inputs. Since the amygdala is very important in emotional learning it is not surprising that visceral inputs are a major input source. The central nucleus of the amygdala produces autonomic components of emotion (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration) primarily through output pathways to the lateral hypothalamus and brain stem.
  • 8. Getting nervous yet? Autonomic Nervous System-the portion of the peripheral nervous systems that contains both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Sympathetic-prepares the body for energy- expending, stress or emergency situations Parasympathetic is active under ordinary, restful conditions and counterbalances the sympathetic system and restores homeostasis.
  • 10. Motor and Sensory Control
  • 11. The General Adaptation Syndrome ● A pattern of stress responses consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion (Insel & Roth, 2010). Flight or Flight Response
  • 12. Allostatic Load ● Long term exposure to stress hormones such as cortisol has been linked to several acute and chronic health problems. ● The long-term wear and tear of the stress response is called the allostatic load (Insel & Roth, 2010). ● Allostatic load is dependent on many factors; o genetic o life experiences o emotional and behavioral responses ● Individuals need to develop coping mechanisms to shut down the stress response and to restore the balance (homeostasis) and return to the resistance stage.
  • 13. Locus of Control ● Belief that someone or something else controls a situation or that an individual not act in a particular way because of peer repercussion thus becoming easily frustrated is a characteristic of external locus of control (Donatelle, 2013) ● Belief that an individual believes they they have power over their own action is an internal locus of control. Results in stating their opinion and being true to their beliefs (Donatelle, 2013). OUT OF EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL WHICH ONE IS KEY IN CONTROLLING PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SOCIAL, & EMOTIONAL HEALTH?
  • 14. Who, what, when, why, & where? According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2013), the most common psychological disorders in the United States are ____________ and __________ _________? Both William James (1899) and Hippocrates (n.d.) prescribed exercise for their patients who suffered from these disorders! SO WHY AREN’T WE DOING IT?
  • 15. The Dimensions of Wellness & Health -Physical Wellness - Physical Health -Emotional Wellness* - Emotional Health* -Intellectual Wellness* - Intellectual Health* -Interpersonal Wellness* -Social Health* -Spiritual Wellness - Spiritual Health -Environmental Wellness -Environmental Health
  • 16. Etiology of mental health ● Actions at the brain level are responsible for most if not all mental and psychological processes (Dishman, Washburn, and Heath, 2012). ● Brain functioning is controlled by genes ● Social, developmental, and environmental factors can produce alterations in gene expression ● Alterations in gene expression induce changes in brain functioning THEREFORE ● Treatments for mental illness exert their effect by producing alterations in gene expression, resulting in beneficial changes in brain function (Dishman, Washburn, and Heath, 2012).
  • 17. Development and Learning Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (2009) suggest that a child's cognitive development is about a child developing or constructing a mental model of the world. Piaget believed that children think differently than adults and stated they go through four (4) universal stages of cognitive development. Development is biologically based and changes as the child matures. Cognition develops in all children in the same sequence of stages. Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational 0 - 2 yrs. 2 - 7 yrs. 7 – 11 yrs.
  • 18. Development and Learning Piaget (1952) did not explicitly relate his theory to education, although later researchers have explained how features of Piaget's theory can be applied to teaching and learning. Learning should be centered and accomplished through active discovery. Thus the role of the provider is to facilitate learning, rather than direct tuition. “Learning comes from the act of drawing out education not pouring it in”
  • 19. Development and Learning Providers should encourage the following within the learning environment: ● Focus on the process of learning, rather than the end product of it. ● Using active methods that require rediscovering or reconstructing "truths". ● Using collaborative, as well as individual activities (so individuals can learn from each other). ● Devising situations that present useful problems, and create disequilibrium in the individual. ● Evaluate the level of the individual’s development, so suitable tasks can be set.
  • 20. Development and Learning According to Piaget (1958), assimilation and accommodation require an active learner, not a passive one, because problem-solving skills cannot be taught, they must be discovered.
  • 21. In vs. Out and Ex vs In... The comprehensive theory of human motivation, Self- Determination Theory (SDT), developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (1985), suggests that intrinsic motivation, the most internalized form of motivation, is dependent on the fulfillment of three basic human needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness. If these needs are indeed fulfilled, self-determination to engage in a particular behavior is much more likely.
  • 22. In vs. Out and Ex vs In...
  • 23. In vs. Out and Ex vs In... Doing a particular behavior because of guilt or wanting the approval of others drives introjected regulation and is slightly more internalized than external regulation. Someone who experiences identified regulation may participate in a behavior because it may be beneficial in achieving an important goal; however, the activity may still not be enjoyable to this individual. The most internalized form of extrinsic motivation is integrated regulation. Here, the individual experiences an agreement between personal values or beliefs and the behavior. At the very right of the continuum is intrinsic motivation. Someone who is intrinsically motivated does not really need encouragement because the activity itself is enjoyable. Typically, this individual’s needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are satisfied here. This client may simply need you as a means for learning new skills, continued relatedness and challenge.
  • 24. Is it physical activity, exercise, or physical fitness? Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure (i.e. occupational, sports, household, conditioning). Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness (i.e. running a 5K, lifting weights/resistance training) Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related (i.e. cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, reaction time, vertical jump)
  • 25. Physical activity and mental health ● Physical activity is a unique concept among behavioral treatments for mental health. ● Increasing the metabolism through physical exertion produces several acute and chronic adaptations regarding mental health. ● Alterations to the endorphin hormones reduces arousal which in turn alters brain electrocortical activity.
  • 26. Physical activity and mental health ● Suppression of noradrenaline and serotonin levels influences the brain benzodiazepine systems. Physical activity increases adrenaline and serotonin helping the brain level the system off. ● Physical activity helps reduce muscles reflexes and tension; therefore, it helps the brain (made up of smooth muscle fibers) to relax. ● Physical activity and exercise activates the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA axis) which helps to regulate the immune
  • 27. State and Trait Anxiety ● State anxiety is defined as moment to moment changes in feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension associated with arousal of the body. State anxiety also refers to “right now” feelings that change from moment to moment. ● Trait anxiety is defined as an acquired disposition that predisposes a person to perceive a wide-range of objectively non-dangerous circumstances as threatening and to respond to these with disproportionate state anxiety levels. It is also considered to be a personality disposition that is stable over time.
  • 28. State and Trait Anxiety ● State anxiety o Raglin & Wilson (1996), reported that state anxiety can remain decreased up to two (2) hours after 20 minutes of aerobic exercise. ● Trait anxiety o Petruzzello et al. (1991) and Landers and Petruzzello (1994) concluded through meta-analyses studies that there was on 0.05 standard deviation regarding a reduction in changes in anxiety levels among participants.
  • 29. How would you use this therapy? ● Many mental health disorders may be associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters which are the chemicals that influence the activity of brain cells that regulate mood, pleasure, and rational thought (Kandal, 1998). ● The amygdala plays a key role integrating overt behavior, autonomic responses, and hormonal response during stress and emotion. ● Activity in the amygdala is elevated among patients/clients with depression or anxiety disorders.
  • 30. How would you use this therapy? ● The hippocampus processes memories of the environmental content in which an emotion occurs. If there is damage to the hippocampus the emotion will still be experiences oftentimes at inappropriate times and places. ● The goal is to remove the environmental anxiety or imbalance thus enabling the creation of a truly therapeutic environment.
  • 31. References Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126–131. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Dishman, R.K., Washburn, R.A., & Heath, G.W. (2012). Physical activity epidemiology (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Donatelle, R.J. (2013). Health: the basics-green edition (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Garrett, B. (2011). Brain & behavior: An introduction to biological psychology (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Insel, P.M., & Roth, W.T. (2010). Core concepts in health (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies. James, W. (1899). Talks to teachers on psychology: And to students on some of the life’s ideals. New York: Holt. Kandal, E.R. (1998). A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4): 457-469. McLeod, S. A. (2009). Jean Piaget. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html. Petruzzello, S.J., and Landers, D.M. (1994). State anxiety reduction and exercise: Does hemispheric activation reflect such changes? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(8): 1028-1035. Petruzzello, S.J., Landers, D.M., Hatfield, B.D., Kubitz, K.A., and Salazar, W. (1991). A meta-analysis on the anxiety reducing the effects of acute and chronic exercise: Outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Medicine, 11(3): 143-182. Piaget, J., & Cook, M. T. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence. AMC, 10, 12. Raglin, J.S., and Wilson, M. (1996). State anxiety following 20 minutes of bicycle ergometer exercise at selected intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine 17:467-471.

Notas del editor

  1. This part of the brain is known as the integrative center for emotions and is responsible for emotional behavior and motivation. https://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/4icfs7AXfPXueiI