Copyright - Adapted from Glencoe - McGraw-Hill

1. PowerPoint®
Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A
11
The
Cardiovascular
System

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The Cardiovascular System
 A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
 The heart pumps blood
 Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
 The function of the cardiovascular system is to
deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove
carbon dioxide and other waste products

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The Heart
 Location
 Thorax between the lungs in the inferior
mediastinum
 Orientation
 Pointed apex directed toward left hip
 Base points toward right shoulder
 About the size of your fist

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The Heart
Figure 11.1a–b

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The Heart
Figure 11.1c

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The Heart: Chambers
 Right and left side act as separate pumps
 Four chambers
 Atria
 Receiving chambers
 Right atrium
 Left atrium
 Ventricles
 Discharging chambers
 Right ventricle
 Left ventricle

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The Heart: Chambers
Figure 11.2c

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The Heart: Valves
 Allow blood to flow in only one direction to
prevent backflow
 Four valves
 Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria
and ventricles
 Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
 Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)
 Semilunar valves—between ventricle and
artery
 Pulmonary semilunar valve
 Aortic semilunar valve

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The Heart: Valves
Figure 11.2c

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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
 Systemic circulation
 Blood flows from the left side of the heart
through the body tissues and back to the right
side of the heart
 Pulmonary circulation
 Blood flows from the right side of the heart to
the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Figure 11.3

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Heart Contractions
 Tachycardia—rapid heart rate over 100 beats per
minute
 Bradycardia—slow heart rate less than 60 beats
per minutes

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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
 Atria contract simultaneously (‘lub’ sound)
 Atria relax, then ventricles contract (‘dub’ sound)

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Pulse & Heart Rate
 Heart rate (HR)
 Typically 75 beats per minute
 Pulse
 Pressure wave of blood
 Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries where
pulse is easily palpated
 Pulse averages 70–76 beats per minute at rest

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The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
 Increased heart rate
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Crisis
 Low blood pressure
 Hormones
 Epinephrine
 Thyroxine
 Exercise
 Decreased blood volume

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The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
 Decreased heart rate
 Parasympathetic nervous system
 High blood pressure or blood volume
 Decreased venous return

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Pulse
Figure 11.18

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Blood Pressure
 Measurements by health professionals are made
on the pressure in large arteries
 Systolic—pressure at the peak of ventricular
contraction
 Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax
 Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last
(120/80 mm Hg)
 Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance
from the heart increases

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Variations in Blood Pressure
 Normal human range is variable
 Normal
 140–110 mm Hg systolic
 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
 Hypotension
 Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
 Often associated with illness
 Hypertension
 High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
 Can be dangerous if it is chronic

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Factors Producing Hypertension
 High salt intake
 High cholesterol
 Obesity
 Stress
 Eclampsia
 Heart disease

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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
 Transport blood to the tissues and back
 Carry blood away from the heart
 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Exchanges between tissues and blood
 Capillary beds
 Return blood toward the heart
 Venules
 Veins

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Fetal Circulation
 Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and
wastes through the placenta
 Umbilical cord contains three vessels
 Umbilical vein—carries blood rich in nutrients
and oxygen to the fetus
 Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide
and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta

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Fetal Circulation
 Blood flow bypasses the lungs (since not used)
 Blood entering right atrium is shunted directly
into the left atrium through the foramen ovale
 Ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and
pulmonary trunk (becomes ligamentum
arteriosum at birth)