Long-Duration Energy Storage and PV: Renewable Energy’s BFFs

2015Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015 0
Long-Duration Energy Storage and PV:
Renewable Energy’s BFFs
Craig R. Horne, Ph.D.
Santa Clara Valley IEEE PV Society
May 13, 2015
content within this presentation is provided
courtesy of EnerVault Corporation

Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Outline
!  Markets & Drivers
!  Illustrative Projects
!  Configuring Storage Systems
!  Storage Architectures
!  Impact on PV Projects
1

What this talk is (mostly) about –
MW-scale, Long-Duration Energy Storage for Electricity Supply
(Wholesale Markets)
What this talk is (mostly) not about –
kW-scale Energy Storge for Residential or Commercial Applications
MW-scale, Short-Duration Energy Storage for Wholesale Markets

Energy Storage Markets Are Global
Entity Size (Power) Duration (Energy) Description
CA 1,360 MW 2-4 hrs
!  California procurement decision AB
2514 (October 2013)
SCE 260 MW ≥ 4 hrs
!  RFP issued (October 2013)
!  > 5x awarded (November 2014)
LIPA
150 MW –
650 MW
12 hrs !  RFP issued (November 2013)
Hokkaido
12 MW 5 hrs !  Contract awarded (July 2013)
Terna 130 MW 6 hrs !  Contract awarded (May 2013)
SDG&E
25 MW –
800 MW
≥ 4 hrs !  RFP issued (September 2014)
ConEd
59 MW
2 MW
12 hrs
!  RFI for 12 hour load deferral (July 2014)
!  RFQ issued (September 2014)
IESO 16.5 MW ≥ 4 hrs !  RFP initiated (October 2014)
3
Source: EnerVault Corporation

Energy Storage Markets Are Global
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects
4

A)  The Head
[MW]
B) The Neck
[MW/hr]
C) The Belly
[- MW or MWidle]
Three Challenges
5

Energy Storage vs. Conventional Peaker
More than 2X the Flexible Ramp Resource
ChargingDischarging
Idle Power
CT Flexible
Resource
Value
BESS
Flexible
Resource
Value
Interconnect
Rating
Interconnect
Rating
Throttle
Courtesy EnerVault Corporation
Adapated from P. Kathpal,“Energy Storage in Resource Planning
and Procurement”, ESA Annual Meeting, June 2014
6

Energy Storage vs. Conventional Peaker
But in CA more than 4X the Flexible Ramp Resource
ChargingDischarging
Idle Power
@ 50%
(NOx standards)
CT Flexible
Resource
Value
BESS
Flexible
Resource
Value
7
Interconnect
Rating
Interconnect
Rating
Throttle
Courtesy EnerVault Corporation
Adapated from P. Kathpal,“Energy Storage in Resource Planning
and Procurement”, ESA Annual Meeting, June 2014

AB 2514 – 1.325 GW Mandate for Storage
http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M078/K912/78912194.PDF
8

Many Ways To Store Energy
Electrochemical
Flow
Batteries
Redox Flow Battery
Non-Redox Flow Battery
Supercapacitors
Other
Sodium-Sulfur
Lead-Acid
Lithium-based
Sodium-NiCI2
Aqueous-other
Metal/air
Molten metal
Metal-based Flow Battery
Non-Metal Flow Battery
Regenerative Fuel Cell
Chemical
ThermalChilled Water
Ice
Heat
Molten Salt
Pumped
Hydro
Power
Energy
Non-Traditional
Traditional
Cavern
Containerized
Non-Cavern
Compressed
Air
Electromagnetic
Integrated Cell
Battery
Energy Storage
Mechanical
Flywheel
SMES

Fairbanks, AK
27 Megawatt UPS
(Nickel Cadmium)

Dublin, CA
2 Megawatt Micro-Grid
(BYD, Li-Ion)
11

Stephenstown NY
20 Megawatt Fast Frequency Response
(Flywheel Energy Storage)
Miller,Western Oregon U.

Laurel Mountain,WV
32 Megawatt wind integration
(AES Energy Storage, Li-ion)

Notrees, TX
36 Megawatt wind management
(Younicos, lead-acid)

Rokkasho JapanWind Farm
15
Okimoto, NGK – ESA 2009

Turlock, CA
250 Kilowatt, 4 hr Load Management
(EnerVault, Fe/Cr-RFB)
16

Gila Bend, AZ
280 Megawatt, 6 hours
(Abengoa, molten salt)

Northwestern PA
435 Megawatt Peak Load Management
(Pumped Hydro Energy Storage)
wikipedia

McIntosh, AL
110 Megawatt Peak Load Management
(Cavern Compressed Air Energy Storage)
PG&E

Moraine, OH
20 Megawatt Peaker
(AES, Li-Ion)
20

City of Industry, CA
479 MW Peaker - 5 x 100 MW
(Edison Mission Group, NGGT)
21

City of Industry, CA
5 x 100 MW GT (GE) " 479 MW(AC) for
capacity payments & bids into CAISO (EMG)
22
power capability power capacity

!  Duration at rated power: Day 1 AND Day N
•  N = 3,650 for 10 year project,
or 7,300 for 20 year project
time
NetPower,MW(AC)
4
-4
charge
discharge
40 8 12 16 20
What is Required of A Grid Storage Asset
26
!  Total project cost requires storage
capacity allotments for...
•  Capacity utilization
(“Depth of Discharge” or
“State-of-Charge Range” (SoCR) )
•  Losses (inefficiency)
•  Capacity fade
26

29
Power DurationX
= Energy
time
NetPower,MW(AC)
4
-4
charge
discharge
40 8 12 16 20
29

System Configuration
!  SCE Tehachapi Project (Li-ion)
• 8 MW(AC)/32 MW-hr
30
Source: L. Gaillac, SCE - Tehachapi Wind Energy Storage Project 2014 ESA Annual Meeting, June 4-6 2014

Two Components to LiB Aging (per Saft)
31

0 6 12 18 24
Power
Time of Day
Saft Data on LiB Aging: Impact on Configuration
" SOH factors = calendar X cycling
4 hr
11 hr 3 hr
6 hr
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0 6 12 18 24
Stateof
Charge
Time of Day
idle time/day @
top of charge
SystemChargeLevel
(notcell)
project design
1 MWAC for 4 hours, 20-30oC &
75% SOC at top of charge,
15% SOC at bottom of cycle
(discharged state)
" 60% utilization &
44 to 31 year calendar life
15 year project
1 cycle/day
11 hrs/day idle @ full charge
means:
11 hrs/day * 365 days/year *
15 year project life = 60,225
hrs
60,225 hrs/8,760 hrs per year
"
7 equivalent years at idle
Analysis
adapted from:
~ 10-20% impact

Properly Configuring a Grid Storage Asset
33
$125/kWh
?SoCR
capacity fade
losses
system integration
installation
grid connection
Source: L. Gaillac, SCE - Tehachapi Wind Energy Storage Project
2014 ESA Annual Meeting, June 4-6 2014

Properly Configuring a Grid Asset
34
$125/kWh
?SoCR
capacity fade
losses
system integration
installation
grid connection
can deliver MW(AC) capacitycapability to store MWh(DC)

Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015 35
Energy Storage Capability
!  kWh: ability to deliver MW(DC) until
storage media is fully utilized
!  ability to store MWh(DC)
!  based on the quantity of storage
media or factory acceptance test of
the article
!  provided by storage vendor
Energy Storage Capacity
!  kW-hr: ability to deliver MW(AC) for
required # hours throughout project
lifetime
!  ability to deliver MW(AC)
!  based on fully installed system
!  provided by storage project
developer
$$ this is what is monetized $$
It is important to distinguish the capability from the capacity!

36
$125/kWh
$400-600/kW-hrSoCR
capacity fade
losses
system integration
installation
grid connection
storage capability
storage capacity

37
Power DurationX
= Energy
4 MWAC for 4 hrs = 16 MW-hr storage capacity;
$/kW-hr = TTL Installed $/16,000 kW-hr
time
NetPower,MW(AC)
4
-4
charge
discharge
40 8 12 16 20
37
the actual installed unit will have > 16 MWh of storage capability, how
much more depends on storage product & project conditions

Key for Individual Project: Stacking Benefits
B. Kaun (2013)

But Reality Can Be A Bummer
B. Kaun (2013)

Configurations
System DesignVolume
TotalEnergyOutput
Rate-AdjustedEnergyOutput
Configuration
BESSASP
RESize
REPrice
Project Modeling Overview
1) Operational
Model
2) Pricing
Model
4) Pro Forma Model
FixedO&M
Variable
O&M
MajorRefurb
3) O&M Model
Project IRR, NPV, B/E, $

Project Model Inputs
!  Performance Model
•  BESS: MW, MW-hr, ramp up, ramp down, start time, self-discharge, degradation,
operational efficiency
•  project setting: charging power,TOU rates/premiums, boundary conditions (e.g. IX limit)
•  dispatch method: charge priorities, benefit maximization, etc.
!  Pricing Model
•  subsystem cost as function of time
•  system cost basis for configuration variations
!  O&M Model
•  component lifetimes/replacement intervals, service requirements, subsystem costs at
replacement time
!  Pro Forma Model
•  discount rate, depreciation, PPA/tariff structure, subsidies/offsets, other values (e.g. $/
tonne-C avoided)

A Look Inside Efficiency
Echarge
Pcharge,
direct
Edisch.
Pout
Eout
Pparsitic load, charge
PPCS loss, charge
PECC loss, charge
Echarged
Pstdby load
Pdisch
Pcharge
Estdby
Pparsitic load, discharge
PPCS loss, discharge
PECC loss, discharge
/tcharge
*tcharge
/tdisch
*tdisch
*tstdby
Pcont load
Econt load
/tcycle!
Ein
Overall
Efficiency
η=Ein/Eout
II
IV
I
III
I)  Continous Load: Occur the whole
time
•  controller, HMI, lights, etc.
II)  Charging Losses: during tcharge
•  Energy Conversion:
charging efficiency
•  Power Conditioning System:
charging efficiency
•  Parasitic Load (BOP,Therm.
Mgmt, etc)
III)  Standby Load: during tstdby
•  Standby Load 1
•  Standby Load 2
IV)  Discharging Losses: during tdisch
•  Energy Conversion:
discharging efficiency
•  Power Condintioning
System: discharging
efficiency
•  Parasitic Load (BOP,Therm.
Mgmt, etc)
Requires Use Case-Based Operational Analysis of System Over FullYear/Life of Project

Storage Architectures
Coupled Power & Energy Decoupled Power & Energy
๏  energy stored & conversion/power
delivery intimately coupled
“cans of soda”
๏  energy stored decoupled from
conversion/power delivery
“soda fountain drink”
Electrochemical
Flow
Batteries
Redox Flow Battery
Non-Redox Flow Battery
Supercapacitors
Other
Sodium-Sulfur
Lead-Acid
Lithium-based
Sodium-NiCI2
Aqueous-other
Metal/air
Molten metal
Metal-based Flow Battery
Non-Metal Flow Battery
Regenerative Fuel Cell
Chemical
ThermalHeat
Molten Salt
Chilled Water
Ice
Pumped
Hydro
Power
Energy
Non-Traditional
Traditional
Cavern
Containerized
Non-Cavern
Compressed
Air
Electromagnetic
Integrated Cell
Battery
Energy Storage
Mechanical
Flywheel
SMES

Abengoa’s Solano Generating Station
280 MW(AC) for 6 hours " 1,280 MW-hrs

EnerVault’s Turlock Demonstration
250 kW(AC) for 4 hours " 1 MW-hr
45

An Example in Battery System Architectures
Integrated Cell Redox Flow
๏  energy stored & conversion/power
delivery intimately coupled
๏  energy stored decoupled from
conversion/power delivery
+
-
cell
3.3 V
3 Ah
10 V
48 Ah
480 Wh
battery: 48 cells
+
-

RFB System Building Blocks
A: Energy Block
Main components: tanks, electrolyte
Function: stores energy
B: Power Block
Main components: cell stacks (cascades),
stack module, rebalance system (DRSTM
unit), State-of-Health (eSOH) monitors
Function: absorbs and releases power
C: Hydraulic Block
Main components: main hydraulics, flow
meters, filtration
Function: distributes electrolyte from A to B
D: Controls Block
Main components: controls/user interface,
battery management system, DC
conditioning, AC/DC inverter
Function: controls system and monitors overall
system State-of-Health; conditions power;
grid interface
47
A
B
D C
NE PE
eSOH
eSOH
DRS™
BMS
stacks
B
C
A
D
–
~
user
interface
D
B –
stack
module
C
A

50
B
D C
eSOH
eSOH
DRS™
BMS
stacks
B
C
D
–
~
user
interface
Power
RFB System Building Blocks – Decoupled P & E
A NE PE
A
Energy
(duration)

EnerVault System Building Blocks – Decoupled P & E
51
Power
Energy

EnerVault System Building Blocks – Decoupled P & E
52
Power Energy

Another Way to Think About Decoupled P & E
53
Power
Energy
acknowledgement: Bret Adams

Another Way to Think About Decoupled P & E
Power Energy
acknowledgement: Bret Adams

Decoupled Power & Energy Storage Systems
Unique advantages in long-duration applications
Decoupled Storage Systems
(RFBs, CAES, Molten Salt, RFCs, etc)
hr or E/P
$/kW-hr
hr or E/P
O&MCost
hr or E/P
O&MCost
hr or E/P
$/kW-hr
CapEx
OpEx
Coupled Storage Systems
(Li-ion, NAS, Pb-acid, flywheel, etc.)

Hawaii Project Case Study
57
Time-shifted production from PV plant
!  PV used to charge 1 MW EnerVault Fe/Cr RFB Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
•  Optimized size of PV dedicated to BESS charging
to nearest 0.1 MW as function of storage duration
•  No ITC applied to the PV & Battery
!  Priority for PV is to charge battery
•  PV optimized to maximize amount of Shifted PV
•  LCOE determined for Shifted PV; project expenses
normalized to Shifted PV Energy Delivered
•  PV production > 1 MW or after BESS reaches 100%
SoC can be sold as Direct PV to improve project economics
!  Results scale with BESS size
•  e.g. 3 MW BESS has same LCOE & trends (% change) but 3X PV size, CapEx $
= ~X MWdc
PV
Single Axis
Tracking
X MWp
~ =
Shifted PV
1 MWac,Y hrs
Energy Unit
Y MW-hrs
Power Unit
1 MWac
1 MWac
X’ MWac Direct PV
X’ MWac, ? hrs
KIUC Grid Status
!  Conventional generation is mix of oil & hydro (~ 5 MW)
•  cost of oil generation ~ $230/MWh (translates to
~ $1/liter at 40% generator efficiency and no O&M)
!  PV meets almost 50% of daytime Summer load
!  KIUC current and projected PV satisfies daytime loads
•  deploying short-duration storage for voltage stability,
frequency regulation, and ramp support
•  high interest in increasing % RE and more PV
!  KIUC open to offers for time-shifted PV to supplant lower
efficiency generators
Source: B. Rockwell (Power Supply Mgr) KIUC Energy
Storage RFP UpdateWebinar August 28, 2014

+0%
+10%
+20%
+30%
+40%
+50%
+60%
+70%
+80%
+90%
+100%
+110%
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
$180
$200
$220
$240
$260
$280
$300
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Change(vs.4hourduartion)
$/MWh
Storage Duration, hours
LCOE Shifted $/MWh LCOE Shifted & Direct $/MWh Shifted PV MWh/yr PV $M BESS $M
Impact of Storage Duration
Low marginal cost of additional storage capacity with Fe/Cr reduces LCOE by a third,
approx. doubles dispatched energy & increases PV revenue by more than 80%!
LCOE - Shifted PV
LCOE - Shifted & Direct PV
Annual Shifted PV
Energy Delivered
PV CapEx
Fe/Cr RFB BESS CapEx
Project results have no ITC or other subsidy applied
1.0
MW
1.4
MW
1.8
MW
PV Size
@ $1.25/Wp 2.0
MW
58

!  To Achieve 100% RE island
•  PV + BESS + Bio-diesel
!  EPC/PV mfg
⇒  4 to 5X larger PV installation
⇒  e.g.: 22 MWdc vs. max 4 to 6 MWac
allowed w/o storage
!  EnerVault system
•  approx. 1/3 of TTL project
•  w/ full 24 hour backup
(+96 MW-hr)
•  adding energy ~ 2.5X more cost-
effective than adding power (PV +
BESS chg.)
!  Benefit of system to rate payers
⇒  40% reduction in generation costs
vs. incumbent diesel gen sets
⇒  Controllable future costs
⇒  Market sustainable tourism
Project Example: Island µGrid
59
“lean” storage
full 24 hrs storage
oversized PV
basic configuration
= ~
~ =
Energy Unit
90 MW-hrs
(5.5 hrs backup)
Power Unit
15 MWac
EnerVault BESS
22 MWdc
4 – 6 MWac Direct PV
4 MWac, 7 hrs
BESS
4 MWac, 17 hrs
18.7 MWac
14.7 MWac 4 MWac
Diesel Gen Set
6.6 MWac
~
PV
Single Axis Tracking
22 MWp
53 Acres

Long-Duration, Decoupled Power & Energy Storage Systems
Provide multiple benefits to PV
PV System
๏  enhanced capacity factors
๏  enable TOD premiums -
compete with fossils 24/7
๏  reduce penalties, losses from
curtailment
๏  impart resiliency into weak
grids
๏  enable capacity payments
๏  3 to 10X more PV per project!
hr or E/P
O&MCost
hr or E/P
$/kW-hr
Decoupled Storage Systems
(RFBs, CAES, RFCs, etc)

Want To Know More?
http://www.energystorage.org
61

Long-Duration Energy Storage and PV: Renewable Energy’s BFFs

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