I. El documento define la ética como el estudio de la moral y las obligaciones humanas, y describe tres principios éticos que guían la investigación con seres humanos: respeto por las personas, beneficencia y justicia. II. Explica ejemplos de investigación dañina en el pasado como los experimentos nazis y el Estudio Tuskegee sobre sífilis. III. Resume los códigos y regulaciones éticas que se han desarrollado para proteger a los participantes humanos, incluyendo el Código de Nuremberg, la Declaración de Helsinki y

1. Ética y equidad en la investigación Educ 603: Investigación Educativa Cristina Torres Velázquez, Ed. D.

9. Línea de tiempo: 1930-1960

13. “ OUR STARTING POINT IS NOT THE INDIVIDUAL, AND WE DO NOT SUBSCRIBE TO THE VIEW THAT ONE SHOULD FEED THE HUNGRY, GIVE DRINK TO THE THIRSTY, OR CLOTHE THE NAKED . . . . OUR OBJECTIVES ARE ENTIRELY DIFFERENT: WE MUST HAVE A HEALTHY PEOPLE IN ORDER TO PREVAIL IN THE WORLD.” JOSEPH GOEBBELS, MINISTER OF PROPAGANDA, 1938

15. Edith F. was a victim of the children’s euthanasia program. Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv/United States Holocaust Memorial Museum #UN876 Carl Clauberg (far left), a research gynecologist, once studied treatments to help infertile women conceive. In 1943 and 1944, he conducted cruel experiments at Auschwitz on mostly Jewish prisoners in his mission to develop an efficient, inexpensive method of mass sterilization. Instytut Pamieci Narodowej—Komisja Scigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warsaw/United States Holocaust Memorial Museum #UN433 Most of these Hungarian Jews deported to Auschwitz- Birkenau in May 1944 were killed soon after their arrival in gas chambers disguised as showers. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem/United States Holocaust Memorial Museum #UN1704 Some children survived at Auschwitz because they were twins useful in genetic research conducted by Dr. Josef Mengele at the camp. Belorusskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv kinofotofonodokumentov, Dzerzhinsk/United States Holocaust Memorial Museum #UN1702

17. Victim of Nazi medical experiment immersed in freezing water at Dachau concentration camp. SS doctor Sigmund Rascher oversees the experiment. Germany, 1942. DIZ Muenchen GMBH, Sueddeutscher Verlag Bilderdienst A victim of a Nazi medical experiment is immersed in icy water at the Dachau concentration camp. SS doctor Sigmund Rascher oversees the experiment. Germany, 1942. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Children castrated as part of Nazi medical experiments, probably in the Auschwitz camp. Place uncertain, 1942. Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater potable. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 1944. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md. A victim of a Nazi medical experiment is immersed in icy water at the Dachau concentration camp. Germany, 1942. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz

19. Result of a medical experiment on a prisoner. Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany, date uncertain. Medical personnel experiment on a prisoner at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany, date uncertain. La Documentation Francaise A prisoner in a compression chamber loses consciousness (and later dies) during an experiment to determine altitudes at which aircraft crews could survive without oxygen. Dachau, Germany, 1942. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md. A Jewish child show the scar left after SS physicians removed his lymph nodes. This child was one of 20 Jewish children injected with tuberculosis germs as part of a medical experiment. Neuengamme concentration camp, Germany, between December 1944 and February 1945. Guenther Schwarberg Photo of the disfigured leg of a survivor from Ravensbrueck, Polish political prisoner Helena Hegier, who was subjected to medical experiments in 1942. The disfiguring scars resulted from incisions made by medical personnel that were purposely infected with bacteria, dirt, and slivers of glass. DIZ Muenchen GMBH, Sueddeutscher Verlag Bilderdienst

21. Concentration camp survivor Jadwiga Dzido shows her scarred leg to the Nuremberg court, while an expert medical witness explains the nature of the procedures inflicted on her in the Ravensbrück concentration camp on November 22, 1942. The experiments, including injections of highly potent bacteria, were performed by defendants Herta Oberheuser and Fritz Ernst Fischer. December 20, 1946. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md. Herta Oberhauser, who was a physician at the Ravenbrueck concentration camp, is sentenced at the Doctors Trial in Nuremberg. Oberhauser was found guilty of performing medical experiments on camp inmates and was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Nuremberg, Germany, August 20, 1947. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md. Friedrich Hoffman, holding a stack of death records, testifies about the murder of 324 Catholic priests who were exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments at Dachau concentration camp. Dachau, Germany, November 22, 1945. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.

22. Sólo guárdate y guarda tu alma cuidadosamente. Nunca olvides lo que tus ojos han visto, ni permitas que ello departa de tu corazón durante todos los días de tu vida. Hazlo saber a tus hijos, y a los hijos de tus hijos…

24. Línea de tiempo: 1960-1980

29. Línea de tiempo: 1980-2000