2. COLUMN A COLUMN B
___1. bias
___2. strategy
___3. blueprint
___4. fabricate
___5. imperative
a. to have a strong and often unfair influence
on someone or something
b. to create or make up in order to trick people
c. a detailed plan on how to do something
d. a careful plan or method for achieving a
particular goal usually over a long period of
time
e. expressing a command in a forceful and
confident way
f. done in one’s free will without valuable
consideration or legal obligation
5. Proposal Template
1. Title (1 slide) with names of authors
2. Background of the Study
• Context of the Problem (1 slide)
Statement of the Problem (1 slide)
• Research Gap (1 slide)
• Purpose of the Study (1 slide)
• Research Questions (2-4) (1 slide)
• Theoretical Framework/s (1 slide) at
least 2 theories
• RRLS (5-10) (1 slide)
3. Methodology
• Research Design (1 slide) 1 source
• Research Setting (1 slide)
• Sample and Sampling Procedure (1-2
slides)
• Selection Criteria
• Data collection methods (1 slide)
• Data collection procedures (1 slide)
• Bibliography
• Broad Scan Matrix
5. References
6. RESEARCH Defined
• Research is defined as the scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of facts that lines an individual’s speculation
with reality.
• Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict,
and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and
deductive methods. (Babbie, 2011)
7. RESEARCH
• Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the
use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to
generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This
could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the
extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes. (Department of
Education and Training)
• Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of
data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and
interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable
methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic
disciplines.
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner
without bias using systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at
valid and conclusive results.
13. PROCESS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Step One: Define the Research Problem
Step Two: Review the Literature
14. PROCESS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Step One: Define the Research Problem
Step Two: Review the Literature
Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis
15. PROCESS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Step One: Define the Research Problem
Step Two: Review the Literature
Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis
Step Four: Design Research
16. PROCESS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Step One: Define the Research Problem
Step Two: Review the Literature
Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis
Step Four: Design Research
Step Five: Collect Data
17. PROCESS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Step One: Define the Research Problem
Step Two: Review the Literature
Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis
Step Four: Design Research
Step Five: Collect Data
Step Six: Analyze Data
18. PROCESS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Step One: Define the Research Problem
Step Two: Review the Literature
Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis
Step Four: Design Research
Step Five: Collect Data
Step Six: Analyze Data
Step Seven: Interpret and Report
24. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
25. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
26. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
7. Confidentiality
8. Social Responsibility
27. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
7. Confidentiality
8. Social Responsibility
9. Non-discrimination
10.Human subjects protection
28. UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or
reporting them.
b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing
or omitting data or results such that the research is not
accurately represented in the research record.
c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas,
processes, results, or words without giving appropriate
credit.
30. PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH ETHICS
1. First Principle: ANONIMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
• People should be treated as autonomous.
• People with diminished autonomy should be protected.
2. Second Principle: BENEFICENCE and NONMALIFICENCE
• Do no harm.
• Maximize benefits for participants and minimize risk for
participants.
3. Third Principle: JUSTICE
• Fairness
31. ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Identify the stage/step in the research process of the given
scenario. Choose your answers below. Write your answers on a 1/2 sheet
of paper.
A. Step One: Define the Problem
B. Step Two: Review Literature
C. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis
D. Step Four: Design Research
E. Step Five: Collect Data
F. Step Six: Analyze Data
G. Step Seven: Interpret and Report Data
32. ACTIVITY
Scenario 1: Jessie distributed questionnaires to Grade 7 students who
have been bullied and at risk of dropping out.
Scenario 2: Bella shared her research findings to the Supreme
Student Council so that they can help to address the problem.
Scenario 3: Don was a victim of body shaming so he personally chose
body shaming as his research topic.
Scenario 4: Kristine visited the municipal library to look for previous
studies about the research she’s working on.
33. ACTIVITY
Scenario 5: Cris decided to make a case study because he wanted to
know the experiences of typhoon Tisoy survivors and how they recover
from the physical devastation and haunting memories brought about
by the typhoon.
Scenario 6: Val summarizes the data he collected. He interpreted the
data and looked for patterns, relationships and trends among the data.
Scenario 7: Rose has already her research title. She’s now making
prediction of the outcome of her study.
34. ACTIVITY 2: Correct Me If I’m Wrong!
Directions: Determine the appropriate ethical action to address the
unethical practices described below. Write your answers on a one
whole sheet of paper.
35. SITUATION 1 (UNETHICAL PRACTICE):
Joy, a TVL student, is planning to conduct her first research on
misbehavior of fellow students inside the classroom. However, she
has no idea on the ethical guidelines in conducting such research.
ETHICAL ACTION:
36. SITUATION 2 (UNETHICAL PRACTICE):
Jose was always absent and got addicted in mobile legends.
Though he’s an honor student, he ranked last in the honor roll. A
qualitative research about Jose is conducted without informing
him.
ETHICAL ACTION:
37. SITUATION 3 (UNETHICAL PRACTICE):
Afraid not to graduate, Greg claimed the research work of his
classmate. He erased the name of the original researcher and
placed his own.
ETHICAL ACTION:
38. SITUATION 4 (UNETHICAL PRACTICE):
A group of GAS students secretly chose their adviser as the
subject of their research.
ETHICAL ACTION:
39. SITUATION 5 (UNETHICAL PRACTICE):
In order to finish his data gathering for his study, Rommel, the
class valedictorian, forced his friends to answer his questionnaire.
ETHICAL ACTION:
40.
41. 8. Jessie distributed questionnaires to Grade 7 students who have been
bullied and at risk of dropping out.
9. Bella shared her research findings to the Supreme Student Council
so that they can help to address the problem.
10. Don was a victim of body shaming so he personally chose body
shaming as his research topic.
11. Kristine visited the municipal library to look for previous studies
about the research she’s working on.
A. Step One: Define the Problem
B. Step Two: Review Literature
C. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis
D. Step Four: Design Research
E. Step Five: Collect Data
F. Step Six: Analyze Data
G. Step Seven: Interpret and Report Data
42. 12. Cris decided to make a case study because he wanted to know the
experiences of typhoon Tisoy survivors and how they recover from the
physical devastation and haunting memories brought about by the
typhoon.
13. Val summarizes the data he collected. He interpreted the data and
looked for patterns, relationships and trends among the data.
14. Rose has already her research title. She’s now making prediction of
the outcome of her study.
A. Step One: Define the Problem
B. Step Two: Review Literature
C. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis
D. Step Four: Design Research
E. Step Five: Collect Data
F. Step Six: Analyze Data
G. Step Seven: Interpret and Report Data
43. 15. It is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad.
16. Making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
17. Manipulating research materials, or changing or omitting data or
results such that the research is not accurately represented in the
research record.
18 – 20. Enumerate the 3 Types of Research Misconducts
Editor's Notes
The author of the quote was referring to the idea that while everyone has the right to do whatever they want with themselves, it isn't always right to do so, especially when those actions could negatively impact others or society as a whole.
Earl Robert Babbie
The first step in research process is to develop a research question. This can be a problem that needs to be solved or some piece of information that is missing about a particular topic. Answering this question will be the focus of the research study.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017
The researchers must now learn more about the topic they are investigating. This not only provides important background information about the issue they are researching., but it also tells them what other studies have already been conducted, how they were designed, and what those studies found. In research, you often do not want to repeat old studies, but rather add something new to the field. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017;Cornell University Library,2016
The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the results.
NULL HYPOTHESIS – NO SIGNIFICANT REL.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS – THERE IS SIGNFICANT REL. BET 2 DATA GROUPS
HOWEVER, IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH WE DO NOT HAVE HYPOTHESIS BECAUSE IN QLR, WE EXPLORE, WE ANALYZE, AND EXAMINE SOMETHING INSTEAD OF APPROVING OR DISAPPROVING SOMETHING. INSTEAD, WE USE RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN QLR.
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to answer the research question. Every study includes the collection of some type of data-whether it is from the literature or from subjects –to answer the research question.
Analysis of data plays an important role in the achievement of research aim and objectives. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Once the data have been collected , these must be analyzed in order to answer the original research question.
In this final part, you will have to justify why you think that research aims and objectives have been achieved. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Profread the paper you have created and report the results. There are different ways to share the results of your research, among them is by publication either in print or on the internet. Another is by sending or submitting the research report to those persons concerned or stakeholders such as policy makers, government officials, company or business executives, etc. Another way to share the results of your research is through a colloquium where the researcher presents orally the research report to an audience or to the public
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
