Algorithms and Fundamental Rights - Jeroen van den Hoven
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Presentation given at a seminar on "the impact of algorithms on fundamental rights", 22 March 2018, organized by the Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Department of Constitutional Affairs. Jeroen van den Hoven is professor of ethics and technology at Delft University of Technology and scientific director of the Delft Design for Values Institute.
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Algorithms and Fundamental Rights - Jeroen van den Hoven
- 1. Algorithms & Fundamental Rights Jeroen van den Hoven University Professor Delft University of Technology
- 2. Ethics and Information Technology
- 3. Bias in Search Engines ▪ Nissenbaum and Introna (2000) “Shaping the web: why the politics of search engines matters”
- 4. L. Winner: Do artefacts have politics?
- 5. New Technology…Ethics AI Deep Learning Robotics Big Data Quantum Computing Cloud Computing Block chain Internet of Things Social media and On- line platforms 3D Printing 5G ▪Privacy ▪Accountability ▪Democracy ▪Property ▪Control ▪Safety ▪Security ▪Sustainability ▪Human dignity ▪Identity ▪Social cohesion
- 6. Converging stuff ▪ Digital Technologies are converging ▪ Ethical Issues are converging ▪ Data protection, equity, justice, autonomy, accountability… ▪ Boundaries, criteria, definitions….
- 7. new functionality new vulnerabilities ▪ Constitutional Rights ▪ Privacy/person ▪ Freedom ▪ Equality/non discrimination ▪ Process/procedure/fairness ▪Cross cutting considerations
- 9. Cross cutting considerations ▪ Black Box Society and responsibility ▪ Big Nudging Society and autonomous choice ▪ Autonomous Systems and meaningful human control ▪ Objectification and Privacy ▪ Algorithmic Citizenship and legal standing ▪ Computer supported utilitarianism Human Dignity
- 10. Example 1 FRANK PASQUALE – THE BLACK BOX SOCIETY
- 11. Bias in Search Engines
- 12. Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME)
- 13. Algorithmic bias in Newsfeed
- 14. FB News feed algorithm
- 16. Fake news spreads faster
- 22. Overfitting
- 23. AI: Machine Learning: Black Box
- 25. Predictive Analytics, ….Policing, Sentencing E.g. Parameter: Number of arrests in the family
- 27. Algorithms ▪ used to sift through Big Data; find remarkable patterns ▪ Classify, categorize, label, characterize, predict, decide, recognize, sense, distinguish, represent, choose, target, judge, sentence, refuse, nudge, coach, profile, select,
- 28. Black Box Society: epistemic insecurity ▪ Explainability ▪ Transparency ▪ Understanding ▪ Sense making ▪ Informed choice ▪ Decision making ▪ Autonomy ▪ Accountability ▪ Personal development ▪ New epistemic conditions will affect where you go, associate, vote, think, ……
- 29. Example 2 CASS R. SUNSTEIN – WHY NUDGE? “It is possible that companies that provide clear, simple products would do poorly in the marketplace, because they are not taking advantage of people's propensity to blunder" (p. 11)
- 30. Big Data …Big Nudging CASS SUNSTEIN CHOICE ARCHITECTURES
- 31. nudges
- 33. A/B testing
- 35. Pallantir
- 36. Advanced Behavioral Science + Big Data + AI
- 37. Polarization
- 38. Microtargetting
- 39. Digital Society of having Control or being Controled
- 42. Big Data: Big Nudging or brainwashing on steroids ▪ Manipulation ▪ Freedom and non-domination ▪ Arbitrary power ▪ Coercion ▪ Decision ▪ Intention ▪ Plan ▪ Sense of self and identity
- 43. Example 3 Autonomous systems: Meaningful Human Control
- 46. AI and Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems ▪ Algorithm says: “You liked this target, you may also like that target! ▪ “Meaningful human control” (UN/CCW/IHL)
- 47. Meaningful human control: lost and found ▪ Agency ▪ Control ▪ Autonomy ▪ Responsibility ▪ Liability ▪ Accountability
- 49. Prankster industry and social media
- 50. Evil Online: Moral Fog ▪ Morality ▪ Solidarity ▪ Responsibility ▪ Moral development ▪ Moral education ▪ Education
- 51. Example 5 Privacy: “You know zipp about me”!
- 52. “Nothing ‘bout me’” ▪ Lay my head on the surgeon's table ▪ Take my fingerprints if you are able ▪ Pick my brains, pick my pockets ▪ Steal my eyeballs and come back for the sockets ▪ Run every kind of test from a to z ▪ And you'll still know nothin' 'bout me ▪ Run my name through your computer ▪ Mention me in passing to your college tutor ▪ Check my records, check my facts ▪ Check if I paid my income tax ▪ Pore over everything in my c.v. ▪ But you'll still know nothin' 'bout me ▪ You'll still know nothin' 'bout me ▪ Read more: Sting - Nothing 'bout Me Lyrics | MetroLyrics
- 53. The person: moral autonomy ▪ Identity ▪ Objectification ▪ Classification ▪ Respect ▪ Dignity ▪ Privacy ▪ Personhood ▪ Moral autonomy ▪ The good life
- 54. DATA PROTECTION: Moral Reasons to prevent • Harm to people • Exploitation • Discrimation • Manipulation • Stigmatization • Limitations of choice, freedom • Loss of autonomy • Lack of respect for persons • Violation of human dignity
- 55. Example 6: algorithmic citizenship
- 56. Summarizing: Power and Vulnerability in a digital world Knowledge (of the world, ourselves, and others) Freedom, Agency and Control and Efficacy (over actions in a digital world) Autonomy, Choice, decisions, intentions and plans Privacy, dignity and identity and moral autonomy Citizenship, rights and entitlements
- 57. Aspire Health, USA Cost reduction in palliative care
- 60. Published March 9/ 2018
- 62. EU Data Protection Supervisor: Ethics Advisory Group Floridi Van den Hoven Rouvroy Pols Burgess
- 64. Edgser Dijkstra
- 67. Eric Schmidt CEO Google ▪“We know who you are, where you have been, and more or less what you think”
- 68. Google Alphabet is everywhere ▪ 60.000 werknemers jaaromzet van 70 miljard ▪ Advertentie inkomsten ▪ Adwords ▪ Adsense ▪ Google Car ▪ Googledocs ▪ Google glass ▪ Youtube ▪ Android ▪ Gmail ▪ Calendar ▪ Google maps ▪ Google Play ▪ Google hangouts ▪ Google Analytics ▪ Google drive ▪ Double Click (aantal eigenschappen website bezoek > 100)
- 75. How to think about it?
- 76. TIME TREND VISUALIZATION 76 Bibliometrica analysis, Mahieu e.a. Forthcoming, Ethics and Information Technology, 2018
- 77. FAT scholarship: New Ways of Doing Ethics in a Data Driven World
- 78. ..Design turn in applied ethics... Predicted long ago Cambridge UP, 2017
- 79. Design for X ▪ Design for privacy ▪ Design for security ▪ Design for inclusion ▪ Design for sustainability ▪ Design for democracy ▪ Design for safety ▪ Design for transparency ▪ Design for accountability ▪ Design for responsibility
- 80. "I do not believe data protection law is standing in the way of your success" "It's not privacy OR innovation it's privacy AND innovation" "...there is a single common inescapable factor: Consumer Trust is essential to achieving growth" ELIZABETH DENHAM – UK INFORMATION COMMISSIONER (Debuutrede 29 juli, 2016)