Problem Solving Prepared by: Fadiah Abdullah Kariri Zahrah Mohammed Dallak Huda Alonazi Outline: Definition of problem and problem solving. Problem Solving Methods. Problem Solving Models. Vicarious Learning To Increase Problem-Solving And Decision-Making Skills. Advantage and disadvantage of Group Problem Solving. Stumbling Blocks. Definition Problem “a deficiency or undesired situation”( Le Storti et al.,1999) Problem solving Problem solving is the process of designing, evaluating and implementing a strategy to answer an open-ended question or achieve a desired goal. Focused on trying to solve an immediate problem, which can be viewed as a gap between “what is” and “what should be” Problem-Solving is a skill that can be learnt; many times by role modeling and mentoring. Decision-making relies on scientific problem-solving process. Problem-solving Methods 1.Trial-and-error method People with little management experience tend to use the trial-and-error method, applying one solution after another until the problem is solved or appears to be improving. These managers often cite lack of experience, time, and resources to search for alternative solutions. Heuristics (which are defined as shortcut mental strategies that help simplify information) use trial-and-error methods or a rule-of-thumb approach to problem solving, rather than set rules. 2. Experimentation Involves testing a theory (hypothesis) or hunch to enhance knowledge, understanding, or prediction. Data are collected and analysed and the results interpreted to determine whether the solution tried has been effective. 3. Past experience and intuition Everyone has various and countless experiences. Individuals build a repertoire of these experiences and base future actions on what they have considered successful solutions in the past. Intuition relies heavily on past experience and trial and error. The extent to which past experience is related to intuition is difficult to determine, but nurses’ wisdom, sensitivity, and intuition are known to be valuable in solving problems. Some problems are self-solving YES NO Question Although the postoperative assessment of a client reveals no abnormalities, the nurse believes the client's condition is deteriorating and orders frequent vital signs. This intervention was made on the basis of which type of problem solving? Select all that apply. 1. Experimentation 2. Intuition 3. Satisficing 4. Past experience 5. Trial-and-error method Answer 2,4 Intuition , Past experience Problem Solving Models Problem solving models are used to address the many challenges that arise in the workplace. While many people regularly solve problems, there are a range of different approaches that can be used to find a solution. 1. The Six Step Problem Solving Model 2. Managerial Decision-Making Model 3. Nursing Process 4. Integrated Ethical Problem-Solving Model 1. ...

1. Problem Solving
Prepared by:
Fadiah Abdullah Kariri
Zahrah Mohammed Dallak
Huda Alonazi
Outline:
Definition of problem and problem solving.
Problem Solving Methods.
Problem Solving Models.
Vicarious Learning To Increase Problem-Solving And Decision-
Making Skills.
Advantage and disadvantage of Group Problem Solving.
Stumbling Blocks.
Definition

2. Problem
“a deficiency or undesired situation”( Le Storti et al.,1999)
Problem solving
Problem solving is the process of designing, evaluati ng and
implementing a strategy to answer an open-ended question or
achieve a desired goal.
Focused on trying to solve an immediate problem, which can be
viewed as a gap between “what is” and “what should be”
Problem-Solving is a skill that can be learnt; many times by role
modeling and mentoring.
Decision-making relies on scientific problem-solving process.
Problem-solving Methods
1.Trial-and-error method
People with little management experience tend to use the trial -
and-error method, applying one solution after another until the
problem is solved or appears to be improving. These managers
often cite lack of experience, time, and resources to search for
alternative solutions.
Heuristics (which are defined as shortcut mental strategies that
help simplify information) use trial-and-error methods or a rule-
of-thumb approach to problem solving, rather than set rules.
2. Experimentation
Involves testing a theory (hypothesis) or hunch to enhance
knowledge, understanding, or prediction. Data are collected and

3. analysed and the results interpreted to determine whether the
solution tried has been effective.
3. Past experience and intuition
Everyone has various and countless experiences. Individuals
build a repertoire of these experiences and base futur e actions
on what they have considered successful solutions in the past.
Intuition relies heavily on past experience and trial and error.
The extent to which past experience is related to intuition is
difficult to determine, but nurses’ wisdom, sensitivity, and
intuition are known to be valuable in solving problems.
Some problems are self-solving
YES NO
Question
Although the postoperative assessment of a client reveals no
abnormalities, the nurse believes the client's condition is
deteriorating and orders frequent vital signs. This intervention
was made on the basis of which type of problem solving?
Select all that apply.
1. Experimentation
2. Intuition
3. Satisficing
4. Past experience
5. Trial-and-error method

4. Answer 2,4
Intuition , Past experience
Problem Solving Models
Problem solving models are used to address the many
challenges that arise in the workplace. While many people
regularly solve problems, there are a range of different
approaches that can be used to find a solution.
1. The Six Step Problem Solving Model
2. Managerial Decision-Making Model
3. Nursing Process
4. Integrated Ethical Problem-Solving Model
1. The Six Step Problem Solving Model
To solve a problem you need to follow this six-step process;
Complex challenges for teams and working groups are usually
solved more quickly by using a shared, collaborative, and
systematic approach to problem solving.

5. Step One: Define the Problem
The definition of a problem should be a descriptive statement of
the state of affairs, not a judgment or conclusion.
At this stage groups will use techniques such as:
• Brainstorming
• Interviewing
• Questionnaires
As this step continues, the PS group will constantly revise the
definition of the problem. As more symptoms are found, it
clarifies what the real problem is.
Step Two: Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Problem
Once all the symptoms are found and the problem diagnosed and
an initial definition agreed, the PS group begins to explore what
has caused the problem.
In this step the problem solving team will use tools such as:
• Fishbone diagrams
This technique help collate the information in a structured way,
and focus in on the underlying causes of the problem. This is
called the root cause.

6. Step Three: Develop Alternative
Solution
s
At this stage it is not about finding one solution, but eliminating
the options that will prove less effective at dealing with both
the symptoms and the root cause.
Step Four: Select a