3. PLANNING
3
▷ —The process of setting goals, developing strategies, and outlining
tasks and schedules to accomplish the set goals.
▷ Decided in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it, hence
bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go.
▷ Purpose:
○ Tomatch limited resources with many problems.
○ Toeliminate wasteful expenditure.
○ Todevelop best course of action to accomplish an objective.
▷ Includes 3steps:
○ Plan formulation
○ Execution
○ Evaluation
4. HEALTHCARE PLANNING
4
▷ —Orderlyprocess of:
○ Defining community health problems,
○ Identifying unmetneeds,
○ Surveying resources to meet them,
○ Establishing priority goals, that are realistic and feasible; and
○ Projecting administrative action to accomplish the purpose of proposed
programs
5. IMPORTANT TERMS
5
▷ Resources: manpower, money, material, time and skills.
▷ Target:is discreet activity. It is the degree of achievement. E.g.-no. of
blood films, no. of vasectomies, etc.
▷ Goal: ultimate desired state towards which objectives and resources
are directed. Described in terms of:
○ What is to be attained
○ Extent to which it is be obtained
○ Population involved
○ Geographical area
○ Length of time required for attaining the goal
6. IMPORTANT TERMS
6
▷ Plan: is a blueprint for taking action.
▷ Has 5 elements:
○ Objective: planned end point of all activities and is concerned with the
problem itself.
○ Policy: guiding principles stated as an expectation
○ Programme: sequence of activities
○ Schedule: is time sequence for work to be done
○ Budget
8. PLANNING CYCLE
8
▷ Analysis of the health situation:
○ Population
○ Statistics of morbidity and mortality
○ Epidemiology
○ Medicalcare facilities
○ Manpower
○ Attitudesand beliefs
9. PLANNING CYCLE
9
▷ Establishment of objectives and goals:
○ It should be set by a person having authority
○ The goal should be realistic
○ It should be specific
○ Acceptability
○ Easily measurable
▷ Assessment ofresources:
○ Manpower
○ Money
○ Materials
○ Skills and knowledge
○ Technical needs
10. PLANNING CYCLE
10
▷ Definingpriorities:
○ Whatdetermines priorities?
▷ Write formulatedplans:
○ Detailed detecting input and output
○ Contained working guidance for execution
○ Evaluation should be built in
11. PLANNING CYCLE
11
▷ Programming andimplementation:
○ Assign and fix responsibilities
○ Define roles and tasks
○ Selection, training, motivation and supervision
○ Organizationand communication
○ Efficiency of health institutions
12. PLANNING CYCLE
12
▷ Monitoring: continues process of observing, recording and reporting
on the activities of the organization or project.
▷ Evaluation: measures the degree to which objectives and targets
are fulfilled and the quality of results obtained.
13. TOOLS for PLANNING
13
▷ SituationalAnalysis:
○ Epidemiological analysis (time, place & person)
○ Stakeholders analysis
○ SWOT analysis
○ Problem tree analysis - fish bone analysis
○ Bottleneck analysis
○ Criticalpath analysis
▷ Objectives, target setting and indicators
▷ Ganttchart preparation
▷ Budgeting
15. INTRODUCTION
15
▷ Health planning in India is an integral part of national socio-economic
planning.
▷ The guidelines for national health planning were provided by various
committees appointed by GOI:
○ Bhorecommittee 1946
○ Mudaliarcommittee 1962
○ Chadah committee1963
○ Mukerji committee 1965 & 66
○ Jungalwalla committee1967
○ Kartar Singh committee 1973
○ Shrivastav committee1975
○ Rural health scheme 1977
○ Health for all by 2000 AD
16. PLANNING COMMISSION
16
▷ Was an institution formed in March 15, 1950 by GOI, which
formulated India’s Five Year Plan, among other functions.
▷ Established in accordance with article 39 of the constitution which is
a part of directive principles of state policy.
▷ Members:
○ Chairman
○ Deputy Chairman
○ 5 other members - Ex-officio members
18. 12th FIVE YEAR PLAN
18
▷ Expansion, strengthening public healthcare sector
▷ GDP - 2.5%for Health
▷ Financial & managerial systems
▷ PPP
▷ Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY) - ‘cashless’ inpatient
treatment for eligible beneficiaries
▷ Availability for skilled human resources
▷ Holistic health-systems-approach
▷ Essential healthpackage
19. OUTCOME INDICATOR for
12th PLAN
Rates Target 2014 MDG
IMR(per 1000) 25 44 27
MMR (per 1lac) 100 178 109 (reduce 3/4th by 2015)
TFR 2.1 2.5 -
Undernutrition in 20% -40% 29% 26%
Anaemia among women 28% 55.3% -
19
children under 3 yrs
aged 15-49yrs
20. OUTCOME INDICATOR for
12th PLAN
Rates Target 2014 MDG
Child sex ratio in 0-6 yrs 914- 950 943 -
Reduction of poor
household’s out of pocket 1.97%GDP - -
expenditure
20
21. NATIONAL HEALTH GOALS for
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Diseas
e
21
Goal
Tuberculosis Reduce annual incidence and mortality by half
Leprosy
Reduce prevalence to <1/10000 population and incidence
to zero in all districts
Malaria Annual malaria incidence of <1/1000
Filariasis <1%microfilaria in all districts
Dengue Sustaining case fatality rate of <1%
Chikungunya Containment of outbreaks
JE Reduction in mortality by 30%
Kala-azar Elimination by 2015, i.e. <1/10000 population in all blocks
22. NATIONAL HEALTH GOALS for
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Diseas
e
22
Goal
Kala-azar Elimination by 2015, i.e. <1/10000 population in all blocks
HIV / AIDS
Reduce new infection to zero and provide comprehensive
care and support to all PLHA and treatment services for all
those who require it
23. INTERVENTIONS for
NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
Diseas
e
23
Intervention
Tobacco Control
● Raise taxes on tobacco
● Clean indoor air legislation
● Tobacco advertisingban
○ Information andlabelling
○ Brief advice to help quit smoking
○ Counselling to quit
CVD Prevention
● Salt reduction to processed food via voluntary
agreement with industry and/or via legislation
● Health education through mass media
● Treatment for High BP and Cholesterol
24. INTERVENTIONS for
NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
Diseas
e
24
Intervention
Diabetes & Complications
● Health education on diet and physical activity
● Diabetes detection and management in primary
healthcare
● Intensive glycemiccontrol
● Retinopathy screening and photocoagulation
● Neuropathy screening and preventive foot care
Cancer
● Screening for cervical, breast and oral cancer
● Strengthening of cancer therapy in district hospitals
Dental Caries
● Education on oral health & hygiene
● Reducing dietarysugars
● Reducing waterfluoridation
27. INTRODUCTION
27
▷ Health manpower deals with people who are trained to promote
health, to prevent and cure disease, and to rehabilitate the sick.
▷ It includes:
○ Those health workers who are already working in the field of health
services
○ Prospective health workers, i.e. those who receiving education and
training that will prepare them for employment in the health sector
29. EVOLUTION
29
▷ Bhore committee,1946
○ Each PHC caters to 40,000 population.
○ Should have:
■ 2 Medical officers
■ 4 PHNs
■ 1 Nurse
■ 4 Midwives
■ 4Trained dais
■ 2 Health assistants
■ 1Pharmacist, and
■ 15 Other class four employees
▷ Chadha committee,1963
○ 1 lab technician per 30,000 population
○ 1 health inspector per 20,000 population
○ 1 basic health worker per 10,000 population
30. EVOLUTION
30
▷ Kartar Singh committee,1974
○ 1 male and female health worker each for 3000-3500 population at the
grassroots, i.e. within a distance of less than 5 km.
31. IPHS GUIDELINES for SC
31
▷ Most peripheral and first point of contact between the primary healthcare
system and the community.
▷ Purpose: largely preventive and promotive, but it also provides a basic
level ofcurative care.
▷ 1 SC - for every 5000 population in plain areas
▷ 1 SC - for every 3000 population in hilly/tribal/desert areas.
▷ Current stats: 147069 Sub-centers, as per Rural Health Statistics Bulletin,
March 2010.
32. IPHS GUIDELINES for SC
▷ Manpower
▷ The assured services of a Sub-centre would change considerably with the
pattern of staff availability.
▷ Where there is only one ANM, Reproductive and Child Health services would
have the first priority. Good logistics support is essential for maximizing the
work output of the Sub-centre.
32
33. IPHS GUIDELINES for PHC
33
▷ An integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural population
with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of healthcare.
▷ 1 PHC - for every 30,000 rural populations in the plains
▷ 1 PHC - for every 20,000 population in hilly, tribal and desert areas
▷ Current stats
○ 23673 PHCs, as per Rural Health Statistics Bulletin, March 2010
○ PHCs functioning on 24x7 - 9107 (ason 31-3-2011)
○ PHCs where three staff Nurses are - 7629 (ason 31-3-2011)
34. IPHS GUIDELINES for PHC
34
▷ Manpower
○ Under NRHM, PHCs are being operationalized for providing 24 X 7
services in various phases by placing at least 3 Staff Nurses in these
facilities.
○ If the case load is there, operationalization of 24 X 7 PHC may be
undertaken in a phase-wise manner according to availability of
manpower. This is expected to increase the institutional deliveries which
would help in reducing maternal mortality.
○ From Service delivery angle, PHCs may be of two types, depending upon
the delivery case load:
■ Type A - with delivery load of less than 20 deliveries in a month
■ Type B - with delivery load of 20 or more deliveries in a month
36. IPHS GUIDELINES for SDH
36
▷ Act as First Referral Units for the Tehsil/Taluk/block population.
▷ Important link between SC, PHC and CHC on one end and District Hospitals
on otherend.
▷ Saves travel time for the cases needing emergency care and reduces the
workload of the district hospital.
▷ 1 subdivision hospital caters to about 5-6 lakhs people.
▷ Current stats: 1200 such hospitals with a varying strength of number of beds
ranging from 31 to 100 beds or more.
41. IPHS GUIDELINES for DH
41
▷ Essential component of the district health system and functions as a
secondary level of healthcare which provides curative, preventive and
promotive healthcare services to the people in the district.
▷ Current stats: 605 district hospitals in 640 districts of the country as per
NRHM data as on 30-6-2010
45. IPHS GUIDELINES for DH
45
▷ District Public Health Unit - Responsible for carrying out & coordinating the
activities required for preventing & controlling public health emergency
situations.
○ Activities include:
■ Integrated diseasesurveillance
■ Epidemic investigations
■ Establishing community and laboratory diagnosis
■ Implementing public health measures
○ Manpower:
■ 1 Epidemiologist
■ 1 Entomologist
■ 1 Microbiologist
■ 1 IEC Officer
■ 1 District Public Health Nursing Officer
■ 1 District Data Analyst / Demographer
47. IPHS GUIDELINES for DH
47
▷ Specific requirements for nursing staff - calculated according to Indian
Nursing Council Norms.
○ 1 nurse for 6 beds for General Ward
○ 1 Nurse for 4 beds Special ward
○ 1 Nurse for 1 bed for ICU
○ 2 Nurse for one OT Table
○ 2 Nurse for one Labour room
○ 1 Nurse for a load of 100 patient
○ Injections 45%leave reserve
48. SUGGESTED NORMS
48
Category ofhealth
personnel
Norms
suggested
Doctor 1 per 1000 population
Nurse 1 per 500 population
1 per 5000 population in plain area
Health worker (male & female)
1 per 3000 population in tribal/hilly/hard to reach area
1 per 30000 population in plain area
Health assistant (male & female)
1 per 20000 population in tribal/hilly/hard to reach area
Pharmacist 1 per 10000 population
Lab technician 1 per 10000 population
Anganwadi worker 1 per 400-800 population
ASHA 1 per 1000 population
Trained Dai 1 per village
Source: Govt. of India (2008), Annual report 2007-08,Ministry of health and family welfare, New Delhi
49. REASONS for SHORTFALL
49
▷ Skewed production of health manpower
▷ Uneven human resource deployment and distribution
▷ Disconnected education and training
▷ Lack of job satisfaction
▷ Professional isolation
▷ Lack of rural experience
51. INTRODUCTION
51
▷ Best use of available resources against competing demands - attain
given goals.
▷ Macro economics - GDP; percentage expenditure; policy; universal
coverage; national programs; fund allocation; budgeting; equality;
equity; accessetc
▷ Micro economics - cost per unit; utility; break even point; cost of
package etc
▷ Managerial economics - tools to analyze for microeconomics
52. HEALTHCARE ECONOMICS
52
▷ A branch of economics concerned with issues related to allocation of
resources for health and healthcare
▷ Also referred to as health financing
▷ Manpower, time and money key issues
53. SCOPE of HEALTH ECONOMICS
53
▷ Factors influencing health (other than health care)
▷ Definition of health and its value
▷ The demand for health care
▷ The supply of health care
▷ Microeconomic evaluation at treatment level
▷ Market Equilibrium
▷ Evaluation at whole system level; and
▷ Planning, Budgeting and monitoring mechanisms
54. MACRO HE
54
▷ Whois covered
▷ What services are covered
▷ How much of the cost is covered
▷ How funds are to be raised and administered
▷ Broad picture for direction
58. DEMAND for HEALTHCARE
58
▷ Can be an expression of felt need.
▷ Factors influencing the demand:
○ Economic variables
■ Income
■ Price of the commodity
○ Socioeconomic variables
■ Education
■ Marital status
■ Age andgender
■ Access to health facility
■ Household size
■ Qualityand competition
59. MANPOWER SUPPLY
59
▷ Factors affecting the supply of manpower:
○ Necessity of pursuing higher education
○ Continuedmedical education
○ Low wages compared to other countries
○ Increase in immigration and overseas employment
60. OPPORTUNITIES
60
▷ There are lots of opportunities for enterprises to impact Indian
Healthcare System, such as:
○ Make it affordable
○ Increase accessibility
○ Provide good quality of care
61. CONCLUSION
61
▷ Study of health economics essential for planning and evaluation
▷ While complex problems may be worked out by experts, decision
makers require a sound understanding of health economics
fundamentals
▷ More health from the money and more money for health- Economic
Imperative