2. RESEARCH
Research is defined as human activity based on
intellectual application in investigation of matter.
The primary purpose for applied development of
methods and systems for the advancement of
human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific
matter of our world and the universe
3. Frame Work Of Scientific
Research
Methodological Design
Type Of Research Design
Logic Of Research
Research Problem
4. Research Problems
A Research problem is a question that researcher
wants to answer or a problem that a researcher
want to solve
Identification & formulation of research problem is
first step of research process
Selection of research problem depend on several
factors such as researcher’s knowledge, skills,
interest, expertise, motivation, creativity with
respect to the subject of inquiry
It is believed that most of the good research
studenties need lots of time for selection of a
research problems
5. Logic Of Research
In logic, we often refer to the two broad methods of
reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches.
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the
more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-
down" approach.
We then narrow that down into more
specific hypotheses that we can test. We narrow down
even further when we collect observations to address the
hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the
hypotheses with specific data -- a confirmation (or not) of
our original theories
Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from
specific observations to broader generalizations and
theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up"
approach
In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific observations
and measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities,
formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore,
and finally end up developing some general conclusions or
6. Type Of Research Design
1. Descriptive Vs. Analytical
2. Applied Vs Fundamental
3. Quantitative Vs. Qualitative
4. Conceptual Vs. Empirical
7. 1. Descriptive Vs. Analytical
Descriptive
Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-
finding enquiries of different kinds.
The Main characteristic of this method is that the
researcher has no control over the variables he can
only report what has happened or what is happening
Analytical
In this method the researcher has to use facts or
information already available and analyze these to
make a critical evolution of the material
8. 2. Applied Vs Fundamental
Applied
The Central aim for applied research is to discover a
solution for some pressing practical problems.
Fundamental
Fundamental Research is directed towards finding
information that has a broad base of application and
thus adds to the already existing organized body of
scientific knowledge
9. 3. Quantitative Vs. Qualitative
Quantitative
Quantitative researchis based on the measurement of
quantity or amount.
It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in
term of quantity
Qualitative
This type of research aims at discovering the
underlying motives and desires using in dept interviews
for the purpose
10. 4. Conceptual Vs. Empirical
Conceptual
Conceptual research is that related to some abstract
ideas or theory
It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concept or to reinterpret existing ones.
Empirical
Empirical research relies on experience or observation
alone often without due regard for system and theory
It is data base research coming out with conclusions
which are capable of being verified by observation or
experiment
11. Methodological Design
Research methodology is a way to systematically
solve the research problems it may be
understood as a science of studding how
research is done scientifically
Researchers not only need to know how to
develop certain indices or tests,how to calculate
the mean the mode the median or the standard
deviation or chi-square,how to apply particular
research techniques but they also need to know
which of these methods or techniques are
relevent and which are not and what would they
mean and indicate why.
12. Keeping this in view research methods can be put
into the following three groups:
1. In the first group we include those methods which
are concerned with the collection of data. These
methods will be used where the data already
available are not sufficient to arrive at the required
solution
2. The second group consist of those statistical
techniques which are used for establishing
relationships between the data and the unknowns
3. The third group consist of those methods which are
used to evaluate the accuracy of the results
obtained
