HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
realism and idealism
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3. Sukkur IBA University Kandhkot Campus.
Realism And Idealism
The first Presentation of International Relations
Presented to: The Lecturer Pakistan studies: Sir Dildar Ali Chohan.
Presented By: Waqar Ahmed & Abdul- Rauf Chishti.
4. Road Map for the Presentation
• Realism
• Definitions.
• Background.
• Great Realist Scholars.
• Assumptions.
• Types.
• Idealist Utopians.
• Definitions.
• Assumptions.
5. Realism (Basic)
Realism is an approach to the study and practice of international politics. It
emphasizes the role of the nation-state and makes a broad assumption that
all nation-states are motivated by national interests, or, at best, national
interests disguised as moral concern.
or
Realism is a paradigm based on the idea that world politics is essentially and
unchangeably at struggle at self interested state of power and position under
anarchy with competing state pursuing its own national and personal interest.
Sometimes known as power politics.
The believers of Realism are known as realist.
6. Background
The formation of League of nations January 10 1920 A.D.
Great debate 1940.
Peloponnesian war.
Arthashastara.
7. League of nations
• The league of was formed on January 10th 1920.
• Basic Purposes were.
• Works same as these days UNO (United Nation’s Organizations).
• To maintain peace among the nations.
• Protect the world from another world war ( Perfect world).
• Build the International Court of Justice (Judiciary).
• The peace making body (For Conciliations).
• Failed to work because of Second world war and the role of Adolf
Hitler Nazi.
8. • In 1940s the great debate started between Idealist and Realist.
• Consequences.
• The Victory of the Realist.
• The defeat to Idealist.
• The emergence of new theory of IR on the suggested method of Thucydides.
• This theory became dominated till 1970s.
The Great debate
9. • The book Of Thucydides, “The history of
Peloponnesian war”.
• War between two nations.
• Sparta’s. ( The worriers)
• Ethane's. ( The knowledgeable)
• Over the Melos Island of Sparta’s states.
The war of Peloponnesian.
10. • The Arthashastara is an ancient Indian article on
government, economic policy and military strategy,
written in Sanskrit.
• The Arthashastra is the title of a handbook for running an
empire, written by Kautilya.
• The main features of this book are.
• The main purpose of the government is to make the policies
for the defense of its country and the prosperity of the state.
Arthashastara.
11. • The founding father of this theory is the Greek
historian Thucydides, who wrote the influential account of the
war between Athens and Sparta. In his (History of the
Peloponnesian war), Thucydides argues that the war broke out
b/c Athens was concerned about Sparta's growing power.
• He also gave the idea of Anarchy, Balance of the power,
Thucydides.
12. Thomas Hobbes
• Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher,
considered to be one of the founders of modern political
philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his Contributions about the
realism.
• He gave a theory about the IR called the “Sate of Nature” in
which he described the following few points.
• According to his theory of the ‘State of Nature, every man is
equal and thus “the weakest has strength enough to kill the
strongest, either by secret planning or by alliance with others
that are in the same danger with himself.
• Every man have to try for peace.
• He also claims that peace and security in an international
system without a central authority can only be achieved
through cooperation between states and between
individuals.
13. Assumptions
• People are by nature narrowly selfish and ethically flawed
• Of all people's evil ways, none are more prevalent or dangerous than their instinctive lust for
power and their desire to dominate others
• The possibility of eradicating these instincts is a utopian "fantasy"
• International politics is a struggle for power, "a war of all against all
• The primary objective of every state the goal to which all other objectives should be
subordinated to-is to promote its national interests
• The anarchical nature of the time limit system dictates that states acquire sufficient military
capabilities to deter attack by potential enemies and to exercise influence over others
• Economics is less relevant to no time limit security than is military might
• Allies might increase a state's ability to defend itself, but their loyalty and reliability should
never be assumed
• States should never entrust the task of self-protection to time limit security organizations or into
law
• If all states seek to maximize power, stability will result by maintaining a balance of power
14. Types of Realism
In Classical Realism emphasis is given on flawed nature of human beings as a source of
international conflict.
In case of Neo Realism it is not only flawed human nature but also absence of governing authority
over nation-states in international politics that lead to anarchy in international politics.
For Neo Classical Realism it is not only flawed Human nature or absence of global authority in
international politics but Domestic variables (State Leaders, State Society Relation and State identity)
of nation state also influences its foreign policy.
Defensive Realism argues that anarchical structure of the international system encourages states to
have moderate and reserved policies for its own security. Hence it believes in maximization of security.
In contrast Offensive Realism argues that states tend to maximize their power and influence to
achieve security through domination and hegemony.
15. Idealism Utopians
• Idealism stress upon state have peace. It should not be motivated by power
politics.
• No state can interfere in the internal matters of other states with powers.
• No other state be it be poor, rich, small and rich came under the dominancy of
any other powerful state.
• Government should reduce money spending in the armament. Standing
armies shall in time be totally abolish.
• No treaty of peace shall be regarded as valid, if made with the secret
reservation for material about future war.
16. Assumptions
• Universal ethics.
• Peace
• Do not harm other.
• Earth should be peaceful.
• Peace is better then war.
• War is irrational.
• Trade between those sates they promote peace.
• Peoples are by nature good.
• The power of Public opinion.
