disaster managment

1. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
UNIT 1

2. DISASTER DEFINITION
Originated from French word ‘desastre’ means BAD STAR
Disaster implies a sudden unforeseen event
As per UN “ Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread
human, material or environmental losses which exceeds the capacity of the affected society to
cope using only its own resources.”
As per WHO “ Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected community.”

3. CONT…
It may be defined as the realisation of a hazard. It may include
◦ A chance;an accident
◦ A chance of being injured
◦ A possible source of danger ; hazard
◦ A state of emergency
◦ A possible loss of life, property health and environment
◦ Needs an extraordinary response from outside
◦ Devastate local response capacity and affect social and economic development

4. FEATURES OF DISASTER
VULNERABILITY DISASTER HAZARD

5. CAUSES & EVENT
1. UNDERLYING CAUSES –
◦ Limited access to resources, physical status, skills, disabilities, age, poverty, education etc.
2. TRIGGER EVENT
◦ Earthquake, Tsunamis, Floods, Cyclones, Volcanoes, Drought, Landslide, Environmental Pollution etc.

6. INDIAN SCENARIO – DISASTER PRONE
ZONES
India : Natural Disasters Cyclones, floods, earthquakes, droughts and floods are major threats
About 60 percent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities, over 40 million
hectares is prone to floods and 68 percent of the area is susceptible to drought

8. TYPES OF DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTER
•Flood, Cyclone, Drought, Earthquake, Cloud Burst
MAN MADE DISASTER
•Fires, Deforestation, Wars, Pollution, Road, Train
accidents, Industrial crises etc

9. EFFECTS OF DISASTER
Devastation of life and property in few minutes
Between 1996 to 2001, 2% GDP was lost because of natural disaster
Acoording to India’s 10th 5 yr plan, natural disasters have affected 6% population and 24%
deaths
Natural disasters pose a major hurdle on path of economic development in India

10. HAZARD
It means the potential to damage
When it damages life and property, it becomes DISASTER
It is defined as “ A dangerous condition or event that has potential for causing injury to life or
damage to property or the environment”
A natural phenomenon that occurs in a populated area is known as hazardous event

11. HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
DORMANT
•Situation which has potential to be hazardous
ACTIVE
•A harmful incident involving the hazard has
actually occured

12. TYPES OF HAZARD
Biological - Bacteria, virus, insects, plants, birds and humans
Chemical - depends on chemical and toxic properties of chemical
Ergonomic – Repetitive movements, improper set up of work stations
Physical – Radiation, magnetic fields, noise, pressure extremes
Psychological – Stress, Violence
Safety – Slipping hazards, machine guarding, equipment breakdowns
HAZARDS can also be classified as Natural hazards and Manmade hazards

13. RISK
It is the measurement of expected losses caused by any hazard in an area in a specific time
period
It is likelihood of harm
It depends on two factors
◦ Probability of occurrence of hazard
◦ Measurement of losses
RISK = HAZARD X VULNERABILITY - CAPACITY

14. RISK ASSESSMENT
It involves
Identification of hazards
Evaluate the risk associated with that hazard
Determine appropriate ways to eliminate hazard

15. VULNERABILITY
The extent to which a community, structure, service or geographic area is likely to be damaged
i.e VULNERABILITY = Susceptibility to damage or harm by a hazard

16. Factors Affecting Vulnerability
Forces in society
Geographic location
Social and economic factors
Nature of hazard

17. THE DISASTER CYCLE
Preparedness phase
Emergency phase
Response phase
Reconstruction phase
Mitigation

18. NATURAL DISASTER - EARTHQUAKE
It is the sudden shaking of the earth crust
The impact of an earthquake is sudden and there is hardly any warning, making it impossible to
predict.

19. CAUSES
The crust is not one piece but consists of portion called plates
The stresses along plates can be classified as
a) pulling away from each other,
b) pushing against one another
c) sliding sideways relative to each other
The fault rupture generates vibration called seismic (from the Greek 'seismos' meaning shock

20. cont

21. cont

22. MEASUREMENT OF EARTHQUAKE
Richter scale
Modified Mercalli Scale

23. ADVERSE EFFECTS 7 INDIAN SCENERIO
PHYSICAL DAMAGE

24. MAJOR EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA

25. RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
Community Preparedeness
Planning
Public Education
Engineered Structures

26. TSUNAMI – RAPID ONSET DISASTER
The term Tsunami has been derived from a Japanese term Tsu meaning 'harbor' and nami
meaning 'waves‘

27. CAUSES
Fault movement on sea floor or earthquake
Landslide occurring under water
Volcanic activity near shore

28. CHARACTERISTICS OF TSUNAMI
Normal wave is 100 kmph
Tsunami wave is 800 kmph
Tsunami wave consists of 10 or more waves
The waves follow each other 5 to 90 minutes apart

29. WARNING SYSTEM
International Tsunami warning system
Regional Tsunami warning system

30. ADVERSE EFFECTS
Flooding effect causes major disruption
Withdrawl causes major damage
Availability of drinking water is a problem
Flooding in the locality may lead to crop loss, loss of livelihood like boats and nets,
environmental degradation

31. HISTORY OF TSUNAMI IN INDIA

32. RISK REDUCTION MEASURE
Building Tsunami walls of up to 4.5m
Other localities have built flood gates and channels
Site Planning and Land Management
Engineering structures
Flood Management

33. CYCLONE
Cyclone is a region of low atmospheric pressure surrounded by high atmospheric pressure
resulting in swirling atmospheric disturbance accompanied by powerful winds blowing in
anticlockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in the clockwise direction in the
Southern Hemisphere.

34. CHARACTERISTICS
Natural characteristics are
1. Strong winds
2. Exceptional rain
3. Storm surge

35. STAGES OF CYCLONE
Formation and initial development state:
Fully matured
Weakening or decay:

36. INDIAN CYCLONES

37. ADVERSE EFFECTS
Wind causes major destruction
Physical damage
Casualities and public health
Water supplies
Crops and food supplies
Communication

38. RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
Coastal belt plantation
Hazard mapping
Land use control
Engineered Structures
Flood Management
Improving vegetation cover

39. DROUGHT
Absence or deficiency of rainfall from its normal pattern in a region for an extended period of
time leading to general suffering in the society.
The more the imbalance in supply the higher is the drought
It is a slow on-set disaster and it is difficult to demarcate the time of its onset and the end.

40. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS – TYPES OF
DROUGHT
METEREOLOGICAL DROUGHT
HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT
AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
SOCIO ECONOMIC DROUGHT

41. MEASUREMENT OF DROUGHT
DROUGHT MATHEMATICS
Onset of Drought
Moderate Drought
Severe Drought

42. TYPICAL ADVERSE EFFECT
DISCUSSION IN CLASS

43. INDIAN SCENARIO

44. RISK REDUCTION
Public awareness and Education
Drought Monitoring
Water supply augmentation and conservation
Expansion of irrigation
Livelihood Planning
Drought Planning

45. MANMADE DISASTERS – NUCLEAR
DISASTER
Nuclear bombs or atom bombs are commonly called Weapons of Mass Destruction
Nuclear reactors are used for generation of power
Faulty or weak design could create heavy loss of life and property
World famous nuclear attacks are Hiroshima and Nagasaki

46. NUCLEAR ATTACK ON
HIROSHIMA/NAGASAKI

47. Nuclear Attack on Hiroshima
American Bomber B29 dropped an atom bomb over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
10 SQ Km of city was completely devastated
66000 people killed and 69,000 injured

48. Nuclear Attack on Nagasaki
On August 9, 1945, plane dropped lager bomb
39000 people died and 25000 injured
This was a major accident

49. Cont…
Nuclear disasters my occur due to misuse or mishandling of Uraniium
Theft of radiactive substances due to terrorism
Nuclear hazards due to earthquake or airplane crash

50. Effects of Nuclear Radiation
Chronic effects like Cancer and genetic defects
Acute effects like Nausea, Diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, loss of hair and burns

51. PROTECTION
Close all doors and windows
Radiactivity does not penetrate solid structures
Use artificial shelters with effective shielding material with good thickness and density
Natural shelters like Ditches, Rocky hills and river banks may be used
Caves, drains Abondoned buildings may be used as shelter

52. BIOLOGICAL DISASTER
Devastating effect caused by enormous spread or sudden growth of population of certain kind of
organisms
Eg locust attack, virus attack, Bee attack
The locust attack in 19-20 is believed to be one of the worst
Crops were devastated in Rajasthan and Gujarat
Such disasters are also called as Bioterrorism

53. SNAP

54. BIOTERRORISM
The pathogenic organisms may be used by terrorist groups as Biological Weapons
They can be sprayed in the city or by infecting animals and food
E.G. – A small dose of 100 gms of Anthrax released over a major city may cause up to 3 million
casualities.

55. PREVENTION AND GENERAL MEASURES
OF PROTECTION
General population should be educated and made aware of threats and risks associated with
biological weapons
Only cooked food and boiled/filtered water should be consumed
Early accurate diagnosis is the key to manage casualities of biological warfare
Mass immunization programme in the suspected area has to be vigorously followed up
Existing disease survilliance system should be made

56. MAJOR BIOLOGICAL EVENTS ACROSS
GLOBE
Plague Bacilli in China during 1932-1945 which caused 2,60,000 deaths
Dispersal of anthrax spores due to accidents caused 68 deaths
Use of Shigella Dysenteriae Type 2 in Texas, USA in 1996

57. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCIDENT AND
DISASTER
Disaster Accident
Events that disrupt functioning of society Events that disrupt functioning of a family
Variables such causes, frequency, scope of
impact, destructive potential, human
vulnerability
It is a byproduct of negligence of risk assessment
while making scientific technological advances

58. Disaster classification and Accidents

60. HUMAN RESCUE AND REHABILITATION
It refers to measures that help to restore the livelihood assets and production levels of
emergency affected communities

61. INCLUSIVE ACTIVITIES
Calamity hit regions
Funds
Monitor rehabilitation work
Coordinate activity with different agencies
Monitor hunger and starvation

62. RESCUE
Responsive operation that usually involve saving of life, prevention if injury during an incident or
dangerous situation
Rescue may be of
Air sea rescue
Cave rescue
Helicopter rescue basket
Hostage rescue
Mine rescue
Mountain rescue

63. RESCUE OPERATIONS INCLUDE
Receiving calls
Issuing warning to public
Preventing hazards
Protecting people, property and environment
Extinguishing fires and limiting damage

64. REHABILITATION
It consists of actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to enable basic services to resume
functioning, assist victims self help efforts, to repair dwellings and community facilities.

65. OBJECTIVES OF REHABILITATION
Discussion

66. REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT
BILL
Passed in 2007

68. GUIDING PRINCIPLE FIR POST RECOVERY
Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction
Improving coordination
Promoting participatory approach and decentralizing planning
Enhancing safety standards
Improving living conditions if affected people
Building local and national capacities
Taking advantage of ongoing activities
Gender sensibility
Monitoring evaluation and learning