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The
PatientCentered
Medical
Home’s
Impact on
Cost &
Quality:
An Annual Update
of the Evidence,
2012-2013
January 2014

Authors:
Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH
J. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH
Paul Grundy, MD, MPH
Kevin Grumbach, MD

Made possible with
support from the
Milbank Memorial Fund
ABOUT THE
PATIENT-CENTERED PRIMARY CARE COLLABORATIVE
(PCPCC)

www.pcpcc.org

ABOUT THE
MILBANK MEMORIAL FUND

and The Milbank Quarterly

AUTHORS
Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH

J. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH

Paul Grundy, MD, MPH

Kevin Grumbach, MD

Contributing Author:
Lisa Dulsky Watkins, MD

PAGE 2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Melinda Abrams, MS
The Commonwealth Fund
Asaf Bitton, MD, MPH
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Mark Gibson
Oregon Health & Science University
Bruce Landon, MD, MBA, MSc
Harvard Medical School
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Len Nichols, PhD
George Mason University
Kavita Patel, MD
The Brookings Institution
Mary Takach, MPH, RN
National Academy for State Health Policy
Outcomes & Evaluation Stakeholder Center

Amy Gibson, Tara Hacker, Staci GoldbergBelle and Yuki Ueda.
Board of Directors, Executive Membership, and Stakeholder Centers

PAGE 3
PCPCC STAFF
Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH

PCPCC BOARD OF
DIRECTORS
David K. Nace, MD, Chairman

Amy Gibson, RN, MS
Paul Grundy, MD, MPH, President
Michelle Shaljian, MPA
Tara Hacker, MSPH

Douglas Henley, MD, Vice Chairman

Staci GoldbergBelle, MPA

Andrew Webber, Treasurer

Yuki Ueda

Errol Alden, MD

Susan Edgman-Levitan, PA-C

Elizabeth J. Fowler, PhD, JD
Jill Rubin Hummel, JD
Beverley H. Johnson

Hal C. Lawrence III, MD

Harlan Levine, MD
Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH
Steven E. Weinberger, MD, FACP
Adrienne White-Faines, MPA
Graphic design and layout:
Top Shelf Design, Arlington, VA

PAGE 4

Association
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................6
SECTION ONE
An Overview of the Patient-Centered Medical Home .............................8
........................................................................................................................................... 8
PCMH recognition programs .......................................................................................................... 9

SECTION TWO
Summary of Cost & Quality Results.......................................................10
Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Results ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Table 1. Peer-reviewed reports ...........................................................................................................11
Table 2. Industry-generated reports ..................................................................................................15

Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Table 3. Number and percent of studies reporting medical home metrics ...........................16
The challenge of studying the PCMH ................................................................................................18
The right metrics.................................................................................................................................18
The right methods...............................................................................................................................18

SECTION THREE

The Future of Primary Care and the PCMH...............................................20
The PCMH’s Role in Delivery System Reform .......................................................................... 20
The foundation of high-performing Accountable Care Organizations ..................................20
A hub for medical neighborhood.........................................................................................................20
The payment reform imperative ..........................................................................................................21
All-payer or multi-payer payment reform ........................................................................................21
Employer and consumer engagement.................................................................................................22

Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 23

APPENDIX A: PCMH Initiatives and Evidence since 2009 ....................25
APPENDIX B: The Year in Review: Case Study Highlights ....................31
REFERENCES ......................................................................................34

PAGE 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. PCMH studies continue to demonstrate impressive improvements across a broad
range of categories including: cost, utilization, population health, prevention,
access to care, and patient satisfaction, while a gap still exists in reporting impact
on clinician satisfaction.

Total
Studies

Cost
Reductions

Fewer ED Visits

Fewer Inpatient
Admissions

Fewer
Readmissions

Improvement in
Population Health

Improved
Access

Increase in Preventive
Services

Improvement in
Satisfaction

61%

61%

31%

13%

31%

31%

31%

23%

57%

57%

57%

29%

29%

14%

29%

14%

PEER-REVIEW/ACADEMIA
Reported
outcomes

(n=13)

(n=8)

(n=8)

(n=4)

(n=1)

(n=4)

(n=4)

(n=4)

(n=3)

INDUSTRY REPORTS
Reported
outcomes

(n=7)

(n=4)

(n=4)

(n=4)

(n=2)

(n=2)

• Decreases in the cost of care,

• Reductions in the use of unnecessary or avoidable services,

PAGE 6

(n=1)

(n=2)

(n=1)
• Improvements in population health indicators and increase in preventive services, such

• Improvements in access to care,
• Improvements in patient satisfaction

• Future studies should include clinician satisfaction

2. The PCMH continues to play a role in strengthening the larger health care
system, specifically Accountable Care Organizations and the emerging medical
neighborhood model.

As

3. Significant payment reforms are incorporating the PCMH and its key attributes.

strides were
also made this
year in the
private sector,
as commercial
health plans
increasingly
transitioned
their PCMH
pilots into
a standard
business
operation.

PAGE 7
SECTION ONE
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATIENT-CENTERED MEDICAL
HOME

“That high
quality
primary care is
acknowledged
as a key
solution to
the US health
conundrum
makes intuitive
sense. Most
individuals
are closely
connected
to the health
system via their
primary care
practice, and
their primary
care provider
is viewed as
an entryway
to the
complicated
world of health
and health
care.”

20

Person-centered:

PAGE 8
• Comprehensive:

• Accessible:

• Coordinated:
• Committed to quality and safety through a systems approach:

PCMH Recognition or Accreditation Programs

philosophy, a subset of
22

“A persistent
challenge
is not only
meeting the
basics of PCMH
recognition,
rather, it is
the capability
of practices
and health
systems to selfsustain their
improvements.”

PAGE 9
SECTION TWO
SUMMARY OF COST & QUALITY RESULTS

Methods
(1) peer-reviewed scholarly articles,
(2) “grey literature”

Results
cost &
utilization,
population health & prevention,
access to care,
patient or clinician satisfaction

PAGE 10
Table 1. Peer Review-Reported Outcomes 2012-2013, by location and by category
Location/Initiative

Cost & Utilization

Population Health
& Preventive
Services

Access

Patient or Clinician
Satisfaction

Alaska
Alaska Southcentral
Foundation
Nuka System of Care32

•

•

Published:2013
Data Review: 1996-2009

•

visits

•

Colorado
Colorado Multi-Payer
PCMH Pilot 33
Published: Sept. 2012
Data Review: 2009-2012

•

•

•

High patient satisfaction:
•
•

•

•

•

Michigan
BlueCross BlueShield
of Michigan Physician
Group Incentive
Program34

•

•

Published: July 2013
Data Review: 2009-2010

PAGE 11
Table 1 continued
Location/Initiative

Cost & Utilization

Population Health
& Preventive
Services

Access

Patient or Clinician
Satisfaction

National
Military Health System
PCMH Initiative 35

For all patients:
•

Published: Feb. 2013
Data Review: 2008-2009

•

•

For all patients:
•
sites

•
•
•

•
•
For those with chronic
conditions:
•
•

•
For those with chronic
conditions:
•
•
•
•
•

National
Veterans Health
Administration Patient
Aligned Care Team
(PACT) 36

•

•
Published: July 2013
Data Review: 2010-2012

•

•
•

•
•
•

New Hampshire
New Hampshire Citizens
Health Initiative 37

•

•

Published: Sept. 2012
Data Review: 2010-2011

PAGE 12

•
Table 1 continued
Location/Initiative

Cost & Utilization

Population Health
& Preventive
Services

Access

Patient or Clinician
Satisfaction

New Jersey
Horizon Blue Cross Blue
Shield New Jersey Single
Private Payer Pilot38

•

•
and costs did not

Published: June 2013
Data Review: 2010-2011

•

New York
EmblemHealth High
Value Medical Home
Initiative 39
* randomized trial
Published: June 2013
Data Review: 2008-2010

•

•

•

New York
WellPoint’s Single Health
Plan Model New York
PCMH 40
Published: Sept. 2012
Data Review: 2007-2010

Compared to control
group:
•

•

•

•

Pennsylvania
UPMC Health Plan
Medical Home Pilot 41

•

Published: Nov. 2012
Data Review: 2008-2010

•

•

•

•

Rhode Island
Rhode Island Chronic
Care Sustainability
Initiative 42

•

Published: Nov. 2013
Data Review: 2006 - 2010

•

•

PAGE 13
Table 1 continued
Location/Initiative

Cost & Utilization

Population Health
& Preventive
Services

Access

Patient or Clinician
Satisfaction

Utah
University of Utah
Care by Design
Program43
Published: Nov/Dec 2013
Data Review: 2008-2011

For the composite
scores based on team
based care, 2 measures
of productivity and
cost were statistically

Improvement in patient
satisfaction
•
•

•

•

•

•
Improvement in clinician
•
•

Washington
Group Health
Cooperative
PCMH Program 44
* spread of prototype model
to 26 clinics in Washington
and Idaho

•

Published: May/June 2013
Data Review: 2008-2011

PAGE 14

•
Table 2. Industry-Reported Outcomes 2012-2013, by location and by category
Initiative

Cost & Utilization

Population Health
& Prevention

Access

Patient and
Clinician
Satisfaction

Alabama
BlueCross BlueShield
Alabama Medical Home
Program 45

•
•
•

Compared to network
avg., PCMHs had:
•

Published: Aug. 2012
Data Review: 2009 - 2011

•

•
•

Connecticut
Connecticut Health
Enhancement Program 46

•

Published: Jan. 2013
Data Review: 2011-2012

•

•

ED visits

•
•

Maryland
CareFirst BlueCross
BlueShield 47

•

Published: June 2013
Data Review: 2010-2012

•

•

savings
incentives achieved

•

incentives

Michigan
Blue Cross Blue Shield
Michigan PCMH
Program48

•
visits
•

Published: July 2013
ED visits
•
sensitive ED visits
•

New Jersey
Horizon BlueCross
BlueShield New Jersey
PCMH Pilot
Monmouth County
Public Employees 49

•

•

Published: Dec. 2013
Data Review: 2012-2013

PAGE 15
Table 2 continued
Initiative

Cost & Utilization

Population Health
& Prevention

Access

Patient and
Clinician
Satisfaction

Oregon
Oregon Coordinated
Care Organizations
(CCOs) Oregon Health
Authority 50
Published: Nov. 2013
Data Review: 2012-2013

•
•

visits

•
•

Pennsylvania
Highmark PatientCentered Medical Home
Pilot 51

•

Published: Jan. 2013
Data Review: 2011-2012

•

•

•
diabetics
•

Discussion

Table 3. PCMH Studies from August 2012 to December 2013 that report outcomes (by category and by
frequency)

Total
Studies

Cost
Reductions

Fewer ED Visits

Fewer Inpatient
Admissions

Fewer
Readmissions

Improvement in
Population Health

Improved
Access

Increase in Preventive
Services

Improvement in
Satisfaction

61%

61%

31%

13%

31%

31%

31%

23%

57%

57%

57%

29%

29%

14%

29%

14%

PEER-REVIEW/ACADEMIA
Reported
outcomes

(n=13)

(n=8)

(n=8)

(n=4)

(n=1)

(n=4)

(n=4)

(n=4)

(n=3)

INDUSTRY REPORTS
Reported
outcomes

(n=7)

(n=4)

Decreased Cost and Utilization.

PAGE 16

(n=4)

(n=4)

(n=2)

(n=2)

(n=1)

(n=2)

(n=1)
Increased clinical quality and population health.

Improvement in access to care and patient satisfaction.

A gap exists in reporting clinician satisfaction data.

continues
A growing body of evidence points to PCMH success.

In

PAGE 17
The Challenge of studying the PCMH

“The question
is not whether
to improve
primary care, and
commensurately
the entire health
system, but how
best to do it.”

The right metrics

60

The right methods

PAGE 18
62

PAGE 19
SECTION THREE
THE FUTURE OF PRIMARY CARE AND THE PCMH

The PCMH’s Role in Achieving Delivery System Reform
The foundation of high-performing Accountable Care Organizations

66

and

A hub for the medical neighborhood

PAGE 20
The payment reform imperative

All-payer or multi-payer payment reform

PAGE 21
Employer and consumer engagement

PAGE 22
MULTI-PAYER INITIATIVES: THE ROLE OF PAYMENT REFORM
VERMONT BLUEPRINT FOR HEALTH
Author: Lisa Dulsky Watkins, MD, Former Associate Director, Vermont Blueprint for Health
The importance of employers and payers investing in the PCMH model is critical because the extent to which
various payers – Medicare, Medicaid, commercial plans, and employers – are aligned around these payment
models is the extent to which true transformation of the US health care system is possible. These “multi-payer”
initiatives convince health care providers that the daunting task of redesigning their clinical practice is worth
the time, effort, and investment because a majority of their payer-mix supports the re-design. 77
The Vermont Blueprint for Health 78 is a striking example of the effectiveness of a successful multi-payer reform
effort. 79 The statewide adoptions of the spectrum of this multifaceted program can be linked to a long-standing
willingness to cultivate collaborative relationships among the various stakeholders. This demonstrable publictheoretical to the implemented.
Over the last decade, Bipartisan support in the public sector had a profound impact on the credibility of Health
Reform. Republican Governor Jim Douglas and an increasingly Democratic State Legislature found common
ground on key aspects of reform, joined by a commitment to grapple with predictions of escalating costs and
increasing morbidity in the aging Vermont population. Initial Blueprint activity was seated at the Vermont
Department of (Public) Health, seen widely as a neutral convener of the disparate groups brought together.
Meaningful engagement of the private sector was essential. From the very beginning, commercial insurers,
to participate in the myriad planning and advisory committees. Attention was paid to the need for national
recognition of practices as PCMHs, the scale of enhanced payments to the practices, the initial development
and payment of the locally based care coordination teams, respect for the internal business processes of the
participating insurers and accountability of the Blueprint to its funders regarding outcomes.
implementation and evaluation strategies to be undertaken. Their commitment to voluntarily support the
Blueprint was evident. There are self-insured employers already participating in the Blueprint despite their
ERISA exemptions, and discussion with others as well as with private payers as the impact on cost and quality
insurers,80 but there remains the impact of the process undertaken in good faith.

making the program “all-payer” through the lens of the practices and payers.
of CMS as a payer was a critical problem in statewide implementation, Vermont leaders were instrumental in
the call for its involvement. The CMS Multi-payer Advanced Primary Care Demonstration, for which Vermont
82

CONCLUSION

PAGE 23
Policymakers and advocates

Physicians, clinicians, health professionals, health plans, and academic medicine partners

Patients, families, caregivers

health service researchers, academics, and economists

PAGE 24
APPENDIX A: Summary of PCMH evidence by category and
organized by State/Location, with references, 2009-2013
LEGEND

Location Initiative
Blue Cross Blue Shield Alabama Medical Home Program
Medical Home Program Description

Alaska Southcentral Foundation – Noka System of Care
Foundation”

The Annals of Family Medicine

Alaska Native Medical Center
“A new model of health care”
Providence Business News

Orange County, CA Health Care Coverage Initiative (HCCI) – Medical Services Initiative
“Impact of Patient-Centered Medical Home Assignment on Emergency Room Visits Among Uninsured
Patients in a County Health System”
Medical Care Research and Review

CareMore Medical Group, Urban Medical Group, Leon Medical Centers, Redlands Family Practice
“American Medical Home Runs,”
Health Affairs

Blue Cross Blue Shield of California Accountable Care Organization Pilot

Colorado Multi-Payer Patient-Centered Medical Home Pilot
Health Affairs
Reduced Hospital Admissions”
Health Affairs

Colorado Medicaid and State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
Promising Results”
Health Affairs
Health Affairs

PAGE 25
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location Initiative
Connecticut

Connecticut Health Enhancement Program

Johns Hopkins University – Guided Care Program (Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD)
American Journal of Managed Care

“Increasing access to health care providers through medical home model may abolish racial disparity in
Journal of the National Medical Association

Capital Health Plan
“Report from Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare on Enhancing Continuity of Care”

Idaho

Blue Cross of Idaho Health Service

State of Illinois Medical Home Pilot
American Journal of Medical Quality,
“Building Community-Based Medical Homes for Children”

CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield

Johns Hopkins University – Guided Care Program (Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC)
American Journal of Managed Care

BlueCross BlueShield of Michigan Physician Group Incentive Program
Health Services Research

HealthPartners
“Patient-Centered Medical Home Cost Reductions Limited to Complex Patients”
American Journal of Managed Care,
The Annals of Family Medicine. 2011.
Costs?

PAGE 26

The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management,
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location Initiative
Military Health System Patient-Centered Medical Home Program
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (Bethesda, MD), Edwards Air Force Base (Lancaster, CA)
Military Medicine
Military Medicine
United States Air Force
Testimony Before the House Appropriations Committee,

Veterans Health Administration Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) Program
“The Patient-Centered Medical Home in the Veterans Health Administration”
American Journal of Managed Care
Integrated Delivery System”
The Commonwealth Fund
“Medical Homes Require More Than an EMR and Aligned Incentives”
American Journal of Managed Care

PCMH National Demonstration Project – American Academy of Family Physicians
The Annals of Family Medicine

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska
Lexington Clipper-Herald

New Hampshire Citizens Health Initiative
Health Affairs

Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield Patient-Centered Medical Home Pilot

New Jersey Family Medicine Research Network
“Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home and Preventive Services”
Annals of Family Medicine

Institute for Family Health Patient-Centered Medical Home Program
Centers”

The Annals of Family Medicine,

PAGE 27
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location Initiative
WellPoint’s Single Health Plan Model New York Patient Centered Medical Home
Health Affairs
American Journal of Managed Care

EmblemHealth High Value Medical Home Initiative
Trial”

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Community Care of North Carolina (State Medicaid Program)
Conditions”

Health Affairs

Health Affairs,
Annals of Family Medicine

Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina - Blue Quality Physician’s Program
“Blue Cross and Blue Shield Patient-Centered Medical Home Programs Are Improving the Practice and

BlueCross BlueShield of North Dakota MediQHome Quality Program
“Patient-Centered Home Snapshots,”
Fields, et al. Health Affairs

Humana Queen City Physicians
“Senate Panel Looks at Innovative Health Care Strategies,” Kaiser Health News

Oklahoma Medicaid
Promising Results”
Health Affairs

Oregon Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) Oregon Health Authority

CareOregon Medicaid and Dual Eligibles

“Bend Memorial Clinic Reduces Hospital Admissions and Emergency Visits”

PAGE 28
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location Initiative
UPMC Health Plan Medical Home Pilot
“Results from a patient-centered medical home pilot at UPMC Health Plan hold lessons for broader adoption
of the model”
Health Affairs

Southeast Pennsylvania (SEPA) Multi-Payer Collaborative
“Multipayer patient-centered medical home implementation guided by the chronic care model”
Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety

PinnacleHealth
“PinnacleHealth Expands Patient-Centered Medical Home Model,”

Geisinger Health System Proven Health Navigator PCMH Model
American Journal of Managed Care
Health Affairs.

Independence Blue Cross – Pennsylvania Chronic Care Initiative
“Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots,”

Highmark Patient-Centered Medical Home Pilot
“Highmark to expand patient-centered medical home efforts to improve care and health outcomes for
members”

Rhode Island Chronic Care Sustainability Initiative
Island Chronic Care Sustainability Initiative Pilot Program”
JAMA Internal Medicine

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Rhode Island
“Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots”
Blue Shield Association

Blue Cross Blue Shield of South Carolina, Palmetto Primary Care Physicians
“Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots”

BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee
Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots,

BlueCross BlueShield of Texas

WellMed Medical Group
“Case Study of a Primary Care–Based Accountable Care System Approach to Medical Home Transformation”
The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management,

PAGE 29
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location Initiative
University of Utah Care by Design (CBD) Program
The Annals of Family Medicine

Intermountain Healthcare Care Management Plus Program
Health Affairs

Vermont Medicaid
Promising Results”
Health Affairs,

Vermont Blueprint for Health
Vermont Blueprint for Health Annual Report
Health Affairs
Health Affairs

Regence Blue Shield Intensive Outpatient Care Program with Boeing

Group Health Cooperative
The Annals of Family Medicine
The Gerontologist
Health Affairs,
The Annals of Family Medicine
Health Affairs
The Commonwealth Fund
American Journal of Managed Care

PAGE 30
APPENDIX B. The Year in Review: Case Study Snapshots

Veterans Health Administration Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT)
National Program, 5 million patients
Publication Date: July 2013

RESULTS

BlueCross BlueShield of Michigan Physician Group Incentive Program
Michigan (statewide), 3 million patients
Publication Date: July 2013

RESULTS
•
•
•
•
•
•

PAGE 31
UPMC Health Plan
Pennsylvania, 23,390 patients
Publication Date: July 2013

RESULTS

CareFirst Blue Cross Blue Shield
Maryland, 1 million patients
Publication Date: June 2013

RESULTS

PAGE 32
Oregon Health Authority Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs)
Statewide Medicaid Program, 600,000 patients
Publication Date: November 2013

RESULTS

PAGE 33
REFERENCES
Health Affairs, 29
2

American Journal of Managed Care,
18

Health Services Research

The Commonwealth Fund
6

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

American Journal of Managed Care

The Commonwealth Fund
The Commonwealth Fund
The Commonwealth Fund
The Milbank
Quarterly

Health Affairs, 29
Social Determinants of Health

Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative

20

22

PAGE 34
REFERENCES CONTINUED

Annals of Family Medicine, 8

Annals of Family Medicine, 11

The Urban Institute
26

The Urban Institute

Annals of Family Medicine, 11

The Urban Institute

PAGE 35
REFERENCES CONTINUED

Journal of Ambulatory Care
Management

The Commonwealth Fund

Annals of Family Medicine, 11
Ibid

The Commonwealth Fund

Better Care at Lower Cost:

60

Annals of Family Medicine, 8

JAMA Internal Medicine

PAGE 36
REFERENCES CONTINUED
62

JAMA Internal Medicine

American Journal of Managed Care,
18

Health Services Research

66

Kaiser Health News
Ibid

The Commonwealth Fund

Annals of Internal Medicine

Archives of Internal Medicine
American Journal of Managed Care

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Publication
Ibid

NO. 204. AN ACT RELATING TO MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATIONS, THE
BLUEPRINT FOR HEALTH, AND IMMUNIZATIONS OF CHILDREN PRIOR TO ATTENDING SCHOOL AND CHILD CARE
FACILITIES, AND THE IMMUNIZATIONS REGISTRY.

American Journal of Managed Care

PAGE 37
601 13th Street NW
Suite 430 N
Washington, DC 20005
www.pcpcc.org

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Outcomes pcmh 2014 annual report final

  • 1. The PatientCentered Medical Home’s Impact on Cost & Quality: An Annual Update of the Evidence, 2012-2013 January 2014 Authors: Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH J. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH Paul Grundy, MD, MPH Kevin Grumbach, MD Made possible with support from the Milbank Memorial Fund
  • 2. ABOUT THE PATIENT-CENTERED PRIMARY CARE COLLABORATIVE (PCPCC) www.pcpcc.org ABOUT THE MILBANK MEMORIAL FUND and The Milbank Quarterly AUTHORS Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH J. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH Paul Grundy, MD, MPH Kevin Grumbach, MD Contributing Author: Lisa Dulsky Watkins, MD PAGE 2
  • 3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Melinda Abrams, MS The Commonwealth Fund Asaf Bitton, MD, MPH Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Mark Gibson Oregon Health & Science University Bruce Landon, MD, MBA, MSc Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Len Nichols, PhD George Mason University Kavita Patel, MD The Brookings Institution Mary Takach, MPH, RN National Academy for State Health Policy Outcomes & Evaluation Stakeholder Center Amy Gibson, Tara Hacker, Staci GoldbergBelle and Yuki Ueda. Board of Directors, Executive Membership, and Stakeholder Centers PAGE 3
  • 4. PCPCC STAFF Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH PCPCC BOARD OF DIRECTORS David K. Nace, MD, Chairman Amy Gibson, RN, MS Paul Grundy, MD, MPH, President Michelle Shaljian, MPA Tara Hacker, MSPH Douglas Henley, MD, Vice Chairman Staci GoldbergBelle, MPA Andrew Webber, Treasurer Yuki Ueda Errol Alden, MD Susan Edgman-Levitan, PA-C Elizabeth J. Fowler, PhD, JD Jill Rubin Hummel, JD Beverley H. Johnson Hal C. Lawrence III, MD Harlan Levine, MD Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH Steven E. Weinberger, MD, FACP Adrienne White-Faines, MPA Graphic design and layout: Top Shelf Design, Arlington, VA PAGE 4 Association
  • 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................6 SECTION ONE An Overview of the Patient-Centered Medical Home .............................8 ........................................................................................................................................... 8 PCMH recognition programs .......................................................................................................... 9 SECTION TWO Summary of Cost & Quality Results.......................................................10 Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Table 1. Peer-reviewed reports ...........................................................................................................11 Table 2. Industry-generated reports ..................................................................................................15 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Table 3. Number and percent of studies reporting medical home metrics ...........................16 The challenge of studying the PCMH ................................................................................................18 The right metrics.................................................................................................................................18 The right methods...............................................................................................................................18 SECTION THREE The Future of Primary Care and the PCMH...............................................20 The PCMH’s Role in Delivery System Reform .......................................................................... 20 The foundation of high-performing Accountable Care Organizations ..................................20 A hub for medical neighborhood.........................................................................................................20 The payment reform imperative ..........................................................................................................21 All-payer or multi-payer payment reform ........................................................................................21 Employer and consumer engagement.................................................................................................22 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 23 APPENDIX A: PCMH Initiatives and Evidence since 2009 ....................25 APPENDIX B: The Year in Review: Case Study Highlights ....................31 REFERENCES ......................................................................................34 PAGE 5
  • 6. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. PCMH studies continue to demonstrate impressive improvements across a broad range of categories including: cost, utilization, population health, prevention, access to care, and patient satisfaction, while a gap still exists in reporting impact on clinician satisfaction. Total Studies Cost Reductions Fewer ED Visits Fewer Inpatient Admissions Fewer Readmissions Improvement in Population Health Improved Access Increase in Preventive Services Improvement in Satisfaction 61% 61% 31% 13% 31% 31% 31% 23% 57% 57% 57% 29% 29% 14% 29% 14% PEER-REVIEW/ACADEMIA Reported outcomes (n=13) (n=8) (n=8) (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=3) INDUSTRY REPORTS Reported outcomes (n=7) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=2) (n=2) • Decreases in the cost of care, • Reductions in the use of unnecessary or avoidable services, PAGE 6 (n=1) (n=2) (n=1)
  • 7. • Improvements in population health indicators and increase in preventive services, such • Improvements in access to care, • Improvements in patient satisfaction • Future studies should include clinician satisfaction 2. The PCMH continues to play a role in strengthening the larger health care system, specifically Accountable Care Organizations and the emerging medical neighborhood model. As 3. Significant payment reforms are incorporating the PCMH and its key attributes. strides were also made this year in the private sector, as commercial health plans increasingly transitioned their PCMH pilots into a standard business operation. PAGE 7
  • 8. SECTION ONE AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATIENT-CENTERED MEDICAL HOME “That high quality primary care is acknowledged as a key solution to the US health conundrum makes intuitive sense. Most individuals are closely connected to the health system via their primary care practice, and their primary care provider is viewed as an entryway to the complicated world of health and health care.” 20 Person-centered: PAGE 8
  • 9. • Comprehensive: • Accessible: • Coordinated: • Committed to quality and safety through a systems approach: PCMH Recognition or Accreditation Programs philosophy, a subset of 22 “A persistent challenge is not only meeting the basics of PCMH recognition, rather, it is the capability of practices and health systems to selfsustain their improvements.” PAGE 9
  • 10. SECTION TWO SUMMARY OF COST & QUALITY RESULTS Methods (1) peer-reviewed scholarly articles, (2) “grey literature” Results cost & utilization, population health & prevention, access to care, patient or clinician satisfaction PAGE 10
  • 11. Table 1. Peer Review-Reported Outcomes 2012-2013, by location and by category Location/Initiative Cost & Utilization Population Health & Preventive Services Access Patient or Clinician Satisfaction Alaska Alaska Southcentral Foundation Nuka System of Care32 • • Published:2013 Data Review: 1996-2009 • visits • Colorado Colorado Multi-Payer PCMH Pilot 33 Published: Sept. 2012 Data Review: 2009-2012 • • • High patient satisfaction: • • • • • Michigan BlueCross BlueShield of Michigan Physician Group Incentive Program34 • • Published: July 2013 Data Review: 2009-2010 PAGE 11
  • 12. Table 1 continued Location/Initiative Cost & Utilization Population Health & Preventive Services Access Patient or Clinician Satisfaction National Military Health System PCMH Initiative 35 For all patients: • Published: Feb. 2013 Data Review: 2008-2009 • • For all patients: • sites • • • • • For those with chronic conditions: • • • For those with chronic conditions: • • • • • National Veterans Health Administration Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) 36 • • Published: July 2013 Data Review: 2010-2012 • • • • • • New Hampshire New Hampshire Citizens Health Initiative 37 • • Published: Sept. 2012 Data Review: 2010-2011 PAGE 12 •
  • 13. Table 1 continued Location/Initiative Cost & Utilization Population Health & Preventive Services Access Patient or Clinician Satisfaction New Jersey Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield New Jersey Single Private Payer Pilot38 • • and costs did not Published: June 2013 Data Review: 2010-2011 • New York EmblemHealth High Value Medical Home Initiative 39 * randomized trial Published: June 2013 Data Review: 2008-2010 • • • New York WellPoint’s Single Health Plan Model New York PCMH 40 Published: Sept. 2012 Data Review: 2007-2010 Compared to control group: • • • • Pennsylvania UPMC Health Plan Medical Home Pilot 41 • Published: Nov. 2012 Data Review: 2008-2010 • • • • Rhode Island Rhode Island Chronic Care Sustainability Initiative 42 • Published: Nov. 2013 Data Review: 2006 - 2010 • • PAGE 13
  • 14. Table 1 continued Location/Initiative Cost & Utilization Population Health & Preventive Services Access Patient or Clinician Satisfaction Utah University of Utah Care by Design Program43 Published: Nov/Dec 2013 Data Review: 2008-2011 For the composite scores based on team based care, 2 measures of productivity and cost were statistically Improvement in patient satisfaction • • • • • • Improvement in clinician • • Washington Group Health Cooperative PCMH Program 44 * spread of prototype model to 26 clinics in Washington and Idaho • Published: May/June 2013 Data Review: 2008-2011 PAGE 14 •
  • 15. Table 2. Industry-Reported Outcomes 2012-2013, by location and by category Initiative Cost & Utilization Population Health & Prevention Access Patient and Clinician Satisfaction Alabama BlueCross BlueShield Alabama Medical Home Program 45 • • • Compared to network avg., PCMHs had: • Published: Aug. 2012 Data Review: 2009 - 2011 • • • Connecticut Connecticut Health Enhancement Program 46 • Published: Jan. 2013 Data Review: 2011-2012 • • ED visits • • Maryland CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield 47 • Published: June 2013 Data Review: 2010-2012 • • savings incentives achieved • incentives Michigan Blue Cross Blue Shield Michigan PCMH Program48 • visits • Published: July 2013 ED visits • sensitive ED visits • New Jersey Horizon BlueCross BlueShield New Jersey PCMH Pilot Monmouth County Public Employees 49 • • Published: Dec. 2013 Data Review: 2012-2013 PAGE 15
  • 16. Table 2 continued Initiative Cost & Utilization Population Health & Prevention Access Patient and Clinician Satisfaction Oregon Oregon Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) Oregon Health Authority 50 Published: Nov. 2013 Data Review: 2012-2013 • • visits • • Pennsylvania Highmark PatientCentered Medical Home Pilot 51 • Published: Jan. 2013 Data Review: 2011-2012 • • • diabetics • Discussion Table 3. PCMH Studies from August 2012 to December 2013 that report outcomes (by category and by frequency) Total Studies Cost Reductions Fewer ED Visits Fewer Inpatient Admissions Fewer Readmissions Improvement in Population Health Improved Access Increase in Preventive Services Improvement in Satisfaction 61% 61% 31% 13% 31% 31% 31% 23% 57% 57% 57% 29% 29% 14% 29% 14% PEER-REVIEW/ACADEMIA Reported outcomes (n=13) (n=8) (n=8) (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=3) INDUSTRY REPORTS Reported outcomes (n=7) (n=4) Decreased Cost and Utilization. PAGE 16 (n=4) (n=4) (n=2) (n=2) (n=1) (n=2) (n=1)
  • 17. Increased clinical quality and population health. Improvement in access to care and patient satisfaction. A gap exists in reporting clinician satisfaction data. continues A growing body of evidence points to PCMH success. In PAGE 17
  • 18. The Challenge of studying the PCMH “The question is not whether to improve primary care, and commensurately the entire health system, but how best to do it.” The right metrics 60 The right methods PAGE 18
  • 20. SECTION THREE THE FUTURE OF PRIMARY CARE AND THE PCMH The PCMH’s Role in Achieving Delivery System Reform The foundation of high-performing Accountable Care Organizations 66 and A hub for the medical neighborhood PAGE 20
  • 21. The payment reform imperative All-payer or multi-payer payment reform PAGE 21
  • 22. Employer and consumer engagement PAGE 22
  • 23. MULTI-PAYER INITIATIVES: THE ROLE OF PAYMENT REFORM VERMONT BLUEPRINT FOR HEALTH Author: Lisa Dulsky Watkins, MD, Former Associate Director, Vermont Blueprint for Health The importance of employers and payers investing in the PCMH model is critical because the extent to which various payers – Medicare, Medicaid, commercial plans, and employers – are aligned around these payment models is the extent to which true transformation of the US health care system is possible. These “multi-payer” initiatives convince health care providers that the daunting task of redesigning their clinical practice is worth the time, effort, and investment because a majority of their payer-mix supports the re-design. 77 The Vermont Blueprint for Health 78 is a striking example of the effectiveness of a successful multi-payer reform effort. 79 The statewide adoptions of the spectrum of this multifaceted program can be linked to a long-standing willingness to cultivate collaborative relationships among the various stakeholders. This demonstrable publictheoretical to the implemented. Over the last decade, Bipartisan support in the public sector had a profound impact on the credibility of Health Reform. Republican Governor Jim Douglas and an increasingly Democratic State Legislature found common ground on key aspects of reform, joined by a commitment to grapple with predictions of escalating costs and increasing morbidity in the aging Vermont population. Initial Blueprint activity was seated at the Vermont Department of (Public) Health, seen widely as a neutral convener of the disparate groups brought together. Meaningful engagement of the private sector was essential. From the very beginning, commercial insurers, to participate in the myriad planning and advisory committees. Attention was paid to the need for national recognition of practices as PCMHs, the scale of enhanced payments to the practices, the initial development and payment of the locally based care coordination teams, respect for the internal business processes of the participating insurers and accountability of the Blueprint to its funders regarding outcomes. implementation and evaluation strategies to be undertaken. Their commitment to voluntarily support the Blueprint was evident. There are self-insured employers already participating in the Blueprint despite their ERISA exemptions, and discussion with others as well as with private payers as the impact on cost and quality insurers,80 but there remains the impact of the process undertaken in good faith. making the program “all-payer” through the lens of the practices and payers. of CMS as a payer was a critical problem in statewide implementation, Vermont leaders were instrumental in the call for its involvement. The CMS Multi-payer Advanced Primary Care Demonstration, for which Vermont 82 CONCLUSION PAGE 23
  • 24. Policymakers and advocates Physicians, clinicians, health professionals, health plans, and academic medicine partners Patients, families, caregivers health service researchers, academics, and economists PAGE 24
  • 25. APPENDIX A: Summary of PCMH evidence by category and organized by State/Location, with references, 2009-2013 LEGEND Location Initiative Blue Cross Blue Shield Alabama Medical Home Program Medical Home Program Description Alaska Southcentral Foundation – Noka System of Care Foundation” The Annals of Family Medicine Alaska Native Medical Center “A new model of health care” Providence Business News Orange County, CA Health Care Coverage Initiative (HCCI) – Medical Services Initiative “Impact of Patient-Centered Medical Home Assignment on Emergency Room Visits Among Uninsured Patients in a County Health System” Medical Care Research and Review CareMore Medical Group, Urban Medical Group, Leon Medical Centers, Redlands Family Practice “American Medical Home Runs,” Health Affairs Blue Cross Blue Shield of California Accountable Care Organization Pilot Colorado Multi-Payer Patient-Centered Medical Home Pilot Health Affairs Reduced Hospital Admissions” Health Affairs Colorado Medicaid and State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Promising Results” Health Affairs Health Affairs PAGE 25
  • 26. APPENDIX A (Cont’d) Location Initiative Connecticut Connecticut Health Enhancement Program Johns Hopkins University – Guided Care Program (Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD) American Journal of Managed Care “Increasing access to health care providers through medical home model may abolish racial disparity in Journal of the National Medical Association Capital Health Plan “Report from Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare on Enhancing Continuity of Care” Idaho Blue Cross of Idaho Health Service State of Illinois Medical Home Pilot American Journal of Medical Quality, “Building Community-Based Medical Homes for Children” CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield Johns Hopkins University – Guided Care Program (Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC) American Journal of Managed Care BlueCross BlueShield of Michigan Physician Group Incentive Program Health Services Research HealthPartners “Patient-Centered Medical Home Cost Reductions Limited to Complex Patients” American Journal of Managed Care, The Annals of Family Medicine. 2011. Costs? PAGE 26 The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management,
  • 27. APPENDIX A (Cont’d) Location Initiative Military Health System Patient-Centered Medical Home Program Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (Bethesda, MD), Edwards Air Force Base (Lancaster, CA) Military Medicine Military Medicine United States Air Force Testimony Before the House Appropriations Committee, Veterans Health Administration Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) Program “The Patient-Centered Medical Home in the Veterans Health Administration” American Journal of Managed Care Integrated Delivery System” The Commonwealth Fund “Medical Homes Require More Than an EMR and Aligned Incentives” American Journal of Managed Care PCMH National Demonstration Project – American Academy of Family Physicians The Annals of Family Medicine Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska Lexington Clipper-Herald New Hampshire Citizens Health Initiative Health Affairs Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield Patient-Centered Medical Home Pilot New Jersey Family Medicine Research Network “Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home and Preventive Services” Annals of Family Medicine Institute for Family Health Patient-Centered Medical Home Program Centers” The Annals of Family Medicine, PAGE 27
  • 28. APPENDIX A (Cont’d) Location Initiative WellPoint’s Single Health Plan Model New York Patient Centered Medical Home Health Affairs American Journal of Managed Care EmblemHealth High Value Medical Home Initiative Trial” Journal of General Internal Medicine Community Care of North Carolina (State Medicaid Program) Conditions” Health Affairs Health Affairs, Annals of Family Medicine Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina - Blue Quality Physician’s Program “Blue Cross and Blue Shield Patient-Centered Medical Home Programs Are Improving the Practice and BlueCross BlueShield of North Dakota MediQHome Quality Program “Patient-Centered Home Snapshots,” Fields, et al. Health Affairs Humana Queen City Physicians “Senate Panel Looks at Innovative Health Care Strategies,” Kaiser Health News Oklahoma Medicaid Promising Results” Health Affairs Oregon Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) Oregon Health Authority CareOregon Medicaid and Dual Eligibles “Bend Memorial Clinic Reduces Hospital Admissions and Emergency Visits” PAGE 28
  • 29. APPENDIX A (Cont’d) Location Initiative UPMC Health Plan Medical Home Pilot “Results from a patient-centered medical home pilot at UPMC Health Plan hold lessons for broader adoption of the model” Health Affairs Southeast Pennsylvania (SEPA) Multi-Payer Collaborative “Multipayer patient-centered medical home implementation guided by the chronic care model” Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety PinnacleHealth “PinnacleHealth Expands Patient-Centered Medical Home Model,” Geisinger Health System Proven Health Navigator PCMH Model American Journal of Managed Care Health Affairs. Independence Blue Cross – Pennsylvania Chronic Care Initiative “Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots,” Highmark Patient-Centered Medical Home Pilot “Highmark to expand patient-centered medical home efforts to improve care and health outcomes for members” Rhode Island Chronic Care Sustainability Initiative Island Chronic Care Sustainability Initiative Pilot Program” JAMA Internal Medicine Blue Cross Blue Shield of Rhode Island “Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots” Blue Shield Association Blue Cross Blue Shield of South Carolina, Palmetto Primary Care Physicians “Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots” BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee Patient-Centered Medical Home Snapshots, BlueCross BlueShield of Texas WellMed Medical Group “Case Study of a Primary Care–Based Accountable Care System Approach to Medical Home Transformation” The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, PAGE 29
  • 30. APPENDIX A (Cont’d) Location Initiative University of Utah Care by Design (CBD) Program The Annals of Family Medicine Intermountain Healthcare Care Management Plus Program Health Affairs Vermont Medicaid Promising Results” Health Affairs, Vermont Blueprint for Health Vermont Blueprint for Health Annual Report Health Affairs Health Affairs Regence Blue Shield Intensive Outpatient Care Program with Boeing Group Health Cooperative The Annals of Family Medicine The Gerontologist Health Affairs, The Annals of Family Medicine Health Affairs The Commonwealth Fund American Journal of Managed Care PAGE 30
  • 31. APPENDIX B. The Year in Review: Case Study Snapshots Veterans Health Administration Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) National Program, 5 million patients Publication Date: July 2013 RESULTS BlueCross BlueShield of Michigan Physician Group Incentive Program Michigan (statewide), 3 million patients Publication Date: July 2013 RESULTS • • • • • • PAGE 31
  • 32. UPMC Health Plan Pennsylvania, 23,390 patients Publication Date: July 2013 RESULTS CareFirst Blue Cross Blue Shield Maryland, 1 million patients Publication Date: June 2013 RESULTS PAGE 32
  • 33. Oregon Health Authority Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) Statewide Medicaid Program, 600,000 patients Publication Date: November 2013 RESULTS PAGE 33
  • 34. REFERENCES Health Affairs, 29 2 American Journal of Managed Care, 18 Health Services Research The Commonwealth Fund 6 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality American Journal of Managed Care The Commonwealth Fund The Commonwealth Fund The Commonwealth Fund The Milbank Quarterly Health Affairs, 29 Social Determinants of Health Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative 20 22 PAGE 34
  • 35. REFERENCES CONTINUED Annals of Family Medicine, 8 Annals of Family Medicine, 11 The Urban Institute 26 The Urban Institute Annals of Family Medicine, 11 The Urban Institute PAGE 35
  • 36. REFERENCES CONTINUED Journal of Ambulatory Care Management The Commonwealth Fund Annals of Family Medicine, 11 Ibid The Commonwealth Fund Better Care at Lower Cost: 60 Annals of Family Medicine, 8 JAMA Internal Medicine PAGE 36
  • 37. REFERENCES CONTINUED 62 JAMA Internal Medicine American Journal of Managed Care, 18 Health Services Research 66 Kaiser Health News Ibid The Commonwealth Fund Annals of Internal Medicine Archives of Internal Medicine American Journal of Managed Care Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Publication Ibid NO. 204. AN ACT RELATING TO MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATIONS, THE BLUEPRINT FOR HEALTH, AND IMMUNIZATIONS OF CHILDREN PRIOR TO ATTENDING SCHOOL AND CHILD CARE FACILITIES, AND THE IMMUNIZATIONS REGISTRY. American Journal of Managed Care PAGE 37
  • 38. 601 13th Street NW Suite 430 N Washington, DC 20005 www.pcpcc.org