1. The document discusses nutritional management of grazing livestock through pasture management and supplementation when needed. It focuses on balancing animal intake with forage supply by manipulating grazing. 2. Key aspects of management include matching animal diet needs to forage quality and quantity through grazing, monitoring essential nutrients like energy, protein, minerals and vitamins, and ensuring access to water. 3. The quality and intake of forage is maximized by keeping pastures vegetative with a diversity of grass and legume species and dense growth, while supplementation is used when forage is insufficient or lacks certain nutrients.

1. Assignment
Nutritional Management of Grazing Livestock
Submitted to sir Dr. Zahid Kamran
Submitted by Muhammad Ashiq
DVM 5th semester (evening)
IUB BWP

2. NUTRITIONAL
MANAGEMENT OF
GRAZING
LIVESTOCK

3. Grazing
Generally describes a type of feeding in which
a herbivore feeds on plants (such as grasses).

4. Grazing management of livestock:
Grazing management is the manipulation of animal
grazing to achieve optimum and sustained animal &
economic results while ensuring a continuous supply of
forages to grazing animals.

5. Purposes:
To maintain a healthy and productive animals
by grazing.
In grazing operations, forage quality and availability are
sometimes limited, and cattle are unable to consume enough
nutrients from pasture forage to fulfill requirements. During
such situations, supplemental or replacement feeding is
necessary to meet production goals. Which feed or
supplement type best fits the goals of a specific livestock
production system.

6. Balancing animal numbers and forage supply
Matching diet quantity and quality needs.
Matching grazing management and paddock
numbers.

7. Pasture Management
• Grazed forage is a good,
cheap feed.
• Pastures are inexpensive
to develop and maintain.
• Healthy plants will have
a higher nutritional value
for grazing animals.
• Healthy, productive plants
will provide a quality
product.
• Over-mature plants
become less vigorous
and more fibrous.

8. Animal Grazing Habits
• Cattle and horses cannot
eat forage less than one-
half inch tall.
• Sheep and goats can
graze level with the soil
surface.& also browsing.

9. Animal Grazing Patterns
• Most animals prefer not
to graze when it is hot:
• Heaviest grazing occurs 2
to 3 hours before sunset.
• Some preferred grazing
period occurs around
midnight.

10. Essential Nutrient Requirements &
How to manage them.
Of primary importance in
nutrition are
• Water
• Energy
• Protein
• Minerals
• Vitamins (vitamin A of
primary concern).
• Forages: These include
Napier grass, hay, grass,
maize.
• Feed additives: These
include minerals and
vitamins, livestock salts,
buffers, enzymes,
Probiotics yeast and
urea.

11. Energy
• Sufficient energy limits
are important more than
other nutrients.
• The major sources of
energy for livestock are
hay, pasture, silage, and
grains. Barley, corn, oats,
and wheat also can be
used to raise the energy
level of the diet when
necessary.
• For grazing livestock
energy supplementation
is sometimes useful to
enhance production.

12. Protein
• In ruminants the amount
of protein is much more
important
• Common sources of
natural protein
supplements include
cottonseed, soybean,
sunflower, linseed, and
peanut meals. These
oilseed meals contain
from 40 to 50 percent
protein and are excellent
sources of supplemental
protein. quality of protein
• High-quality pastures can
meet almost all the needs
of high-producing
livestock.
• Protein supplementation
to enhance growth,
reproduction, milk
production, disease
resistance, and general
maintenance when need.

13. Water
• Water is essential for all
live form.
• Producers must plan for
an adequate supply of
clean water during
grazing. The quality of the
water is also important.
• Water is the most
important nutrient for
lactating cows and
especially heat stressed
cows. As milk production
and DMI increase, water
intake increases.
• Grazing animals can get
70-90% of their water
from lush forage;
however a good supply of
clean water is essential.
Animal water needs vary
with temperature,
humidity, milk production,
and diet.
Average daily requirements:
Beef 8-10 gal/day
Milk cow 30 gal/day
Sheep 1 gal/day
Horses 8 gal/day

14. It is good to remember that all other nutrient
metabolism in the body is predicated on the availability
of water, and if an animal stops drinking, nutrient
metabolism (which results in growth and lactation) will
decrease.

15. Minerals
• Approximately 13 different
minerals are essential for
animals.
• Most of these requirements
are met under normal
grazing. Such as calcium &
phosphorus etc.
• Calcium to phosphorus ratio
of 2:1. If ruminants are on
Green forage (including
green hay).
• Suplimentation done on
requirment.

16. Vitamins
• During the grazing
season, goats can obtain
sufficient fat-soluble
vitamins from green
pastures and plenty of
sunlight. Goats can also
store an adequate supply
of these vitamins to
maintain production for 3
to 4 months.
• B vitamins are
synthesized by rumen
microorganisms so
supplementation is not
necessary. Vitamin D is
synthesized in the skin
from exposure to sunlight
other vitamin of concern
that sometimes requires
supplementation.
• Some time vitominerals
complex use as
suplementation.

17. FEED STUFF
• Animals are raised
primarily on unimproved
pastures and rangelands.
• Meat animals do not
need extra feed if they
are grazing on land areas
with a variety of brush,
weeds, and grass.
• Additional feed, however,
may be needed in periods
of drought or in winter.

18. Management of the grazing
resource:
• Forage intake
• Forage diversity
• Forage quantity, availability, and density
• Appropriate supplementation (energy or protein), when
necessary
• Appropriate minerals—offered free choice
• And clean, fresh water offered at all times.

19. 1.Intake
• Intake is the ingestion of
feedstuffs by the animal,
and is regulated by the
following factors, which are
all interrelated
• palatability foraging
behavior
• chemical characteristics of
the feedstuff
• forage quantity,
• density, and availability
dietary energy and fiber
content
• physiological stage of the
animal and temperature.

20. Options for Increasing Intake on High
Quality Pasture
• Ensure high forage intake by keeping forage in the
vegetative stage through grazing management,
diversifying pasture composition to include several grass
species, with around 30 percent of the pasture in
legumes, and maintaining a dense pasture so animals
will take larger bites.

21. 2.Forage Resources and Grazing
Nutrition
• Nutrient content of
forages varies with
plant maturity.

22. 3.Plant Type, Species, and
Nutritional Quality on Native
Range
• There are three basic
plant types commonly
found in pastures, and
each has its place in
animal nutrition. These
plant types are:
Grasses
Shrubs
Forbs

23. • Grasses tend to be
high in nutrients in the
spring, and begin to
decline as the
growing season
progresses.
• Forbs are high in
protein as well.
• Shrubs are high in
protein for a greater
part of the year

24. The End