This document provides an overview of a 3-day training workshop on techniques in experimental pharmacology and animal handling. The workshop covered topics such as the importance of animal experimentation, techniques for restraining and administering drugs to rats, determining rat sex, anesthesia techniques, blood withdrawal methods, and euthanasia. Dr. Shivalinge Gowda KP was scheduled to demonstrate procedures like restraint, routes of drug administration including oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and more, as well as blood withdrawal from various sites in rats.

1. Techniques in experimental
Pharmacology & Animal Handling.
From 16-1-2014 to 18-1-2014
Venue- AV Room/ PG Research Lab
Department of Pharmacology
PES College of Pharmacy
Topics
1.Importance of animal experimentation in biomedical research
2.Demonstration- Restraining, routes of drug administration
and blood withdrawal techniques in rats
Date- 16-1-2014 Time 9AM to 12 N.
Dr Shivalinge Gowda KP
Asst Professor and HOD

2. 1.Importance of animal experimentation in
biomedical research
In mouse 90% of the genes are similar to human beings. Hence
they become the effective model for the human body.

3. Animals suffer from similar diseases to
human including cancers, TB, flu and
asthma.
Nearly every Nobel Laureate in
Physiology since 1901 has relied on
animal date for their research.

4. Most of the animal and human drugs are same

5. Important drugs like anesthetics, the tetanus
vaccine, penicillin and insulin all relied on
animal research in their development.
Scanning techniques like CT and MRI were
developed using animals

6. Herceptin- Largest selling drug
for the breast cancer is
obtained from the mice
Tamoxifen

7. Household cats kill approximately 5 million
animals every week- more than the total
number of animals used in biomedical research.
Dogs, cats and primates
altogether account for less
than 0.2% of research animals.
More than 95% of research is
done on mice, rats, fish and
birds.

8. 2.Rat handling and restraint techniques

9. 3.Routes of drug administration in rats
a.Intra muscular route (IM)
Requirements-Disposable gloves, injection article,
Isopropyl alcohol, gauge,1ml syringe, hypodermic
needle- 22-30G Max- 0.3 ml can be administered

10. 3.Routes of drug administration in rats
b.Subcutaneous injection(SC)
Requirements-Disposable gloves ,injection article,
Isopropyl alcohol, gauge,1-3ml syringe, hypodermic
needle- 22-30G Max -5ml can be administered

11. 3.Routes of drug administration in rats
c.Intradermal injection(ID)
Requirements- Anesthetic, Disposable gloves ,injection
article, Isopropyl alcohol, gauge, # 40blade 1ml syringe,
hypodermic needle- 25-30G Max- 0.1ml can be
administered
Must be done under anesthesia

12. 3.Routes of drug administration in rats
d.Intraperitoneal injection(IP)
Requirements- Disposable gloves ,injection article,
Isopropyl alcohol, gauge, 1-3 ml syringe, hypodermic
needle- 22-30G Max- 5ml can be administered
Insert needle into lower left/right quadrant of abdomen
at a 30-degree angle.

13. 3.Routes of drug administration in rats
f.Intravenous injection(IV)
Requirements- Restrainer, disposable gloves ,injection
article, Isopropyl alcohol, gauge,1ml syringe, hypodermic
needle- 25-30G Max- 0.5ml
Injection site- lateral vein

14. g. Oral gavage route in rats
Measure the distance from the tip of nose
to the first rib. This is the length of needle
that should be used

15. 3.Sex determination in rats
Sexing is based upon anogenital distance. Males
have a greater distance between the anus and
urogenital opening.

16. 4.Anesthesia techniques in rats
a. Induction of anesthesia by injectable anesthetics
Ketamine Ketamine+
Xylazine
Ketamine +
Medetomidine
Duration 15-20min 30min 30-40min
Rat 75-100mg/kg IP 60mg/ kg +
5-10mg/kg,
IP
75mg/ kg +
0.5mg/kg,
IP

17. b.Induction of anesthesia by inhalation anesthetics
Requirements- Measuring jar, cotton, bell jar,
chloroform/anesthetic ether,

18. 5.Blood withdrawal techniques in rats
Blood volume- 6% of the body weight
For eg 200g rat-12ml
Weekly 1% of the body weight blood can be collected
For eg 200g rat- 2ml blood can be withdrawn
a.Blood collection by lateral tail vein. 1ml syringe, 25-
30G needle, restrainer. Anesthesia is not required
b.By central tail artery
1ml syringe, 25-30G needle,
restrainer. Anesthesia is required

19. c. Blood collection by dorsal pedal vein
Needle- 23G

20. d. Blood collection by retro orbital sinus
Should be performed under anesthesia
Training is required

21. e. Blood collection by cardiac puncture
Should be performed under anesthesia
Syringe -10-20ml needle-20-23G in Rat 8-9ml blood can
be collected, training is required.

22. 6.Euthanesia in rats
a.Physical methods-
Exsaguination,decapitation(for stress analysis ,cervical
dislocation.
b.Inhalation of gases-
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,CO2 + chloroform/halothane.
c.Drug administration-
Barbiturate over dose (IP),Ketamine over dose (IM/IP),Sodium
pentothol (IP).