3. Peptic ulcer
Definition
A mucosal defect equal to or greater than 0.5 cm that
extent to or beyond muscularis mucosa. These ulcers are
caused by increased acid/ pepsin secretion or diminished
mucosal defense.
5. Gastric / duoedenal ulcer
Prevalance
H2 receptor inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors
Effective treatment against H Pylori
• Overall risk , 10%
• More common in males
• Duodenal ulcer 4 times more common than gastric
ulcer
• Slight increase in GU due to wide spread use of
NSAIDs
11. Aetiology
1. Helicobacter pylori
• urease– urea- ammonia- hypergastrinaemia-
increased acid secretion
• H. pylori- reduces the gastric mucosal resistance
against acid and pepsin. Enzymes, cytotoxins
• Local inflammatory response due to cytotoxins
• 90% in DU
• 70% in GU
12. 2. Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs( NSAIDs)
• 30% in GU and smaller percentage in DU
• More commonly associated with complications
• Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX,1,2) & reduce mucosal
protective prostaglandins
13. Risk factors for NSAIDs induced ulcers
• Age > 60 years
• Past history of peptic ulcer
• Additional steroids
• Multiple NSAIDs,
• High dose
• Individual NSAIDs. Piroxicam, ibuprufen
14. 3. Heriditary
• Positive family history in DU
• Blood group O
• Increased level of serum pepsinogen 1
15. 4. Smoking
• More prone to develop gastric ulcer than DU
• Ulcer less likely to heal and prone to haemorrhage and
perforation
5. Stress
Burns,
Head injury
on ventilators
17. Summary (aetiology)
(Acid pepsin versus mucosal barrier)
• Increased acid and pepsin secretion.
– Gastrin, Histamine, acetylcholine, cholecystokinine
• Reduced mucosal barrier
– H. Pyelori
– NSAIDs
– Smoking
– Decreased bicarbonate production
– Decreased protective prostaglandins
18. Pathology Duodenal ulcer
–First part of duodenum
–50% on anterior duodenal wall, 50% on posterior
wall
–Anterior ulcers tend to perforate while posterior
tend to bleed
–Usually single but can be more than one
–Fibrosis – pyloric stenosis
–All benign
19. Pathology
Gastric ulcer
–Usually single, 2-4 cm, smooth base perpendicular
walls
–Located on lesser curve but can occur anywhere
–Larger than duodenal ulcer
–Fibrosis can lead to Hour glass deformity.
–Can penetrate into transverse colon, pancreas.
–All stomach ulcers are not benign. (4% malignant)
20.
21. Malignancy in gastric ulcer
• Benign ulcers becoming malignant.?
• Malignant to start with
• All stomach ulcers are considered malignant until
proved benign on biopsy & follow up
• Always, always take a biopsy of stomach ulcer
• 10 well targeted biopsies
22. Clinical features
• Pain abdomen
– Epigastrium, may radiate to back
– Relation with meals- hunger pain
• Periodicity
– Episodic- lasting for several weeks (periodicity)
• Vomiting
• Alteration in weight
23. • Bleeding
– Chronic
– Acute
• Other symptoms
– Dyspepsia, heartburn, epigastric fullness, loss of appetite
• Silent
– Anaemia
– Haemetemesis
– Perforation
26. • Esophagogastrduodenoscopy (EGD)
• Urea breath test
•
• Direct detection of urease activity/ H pylori in biopsy
specimen
• Biopsy of any stomach ulcer
28. Medical treatment
General measures
• Cessation of smoking
• Avoidance of spicy foods
• Avoid NSAIDs if possible
• Antacids. Aluminum hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide
30. Eradication of H. pylori
• One of the proton pump inhibitors x 02 weeks. Duration
may vary
• Combination of two antibiotics x 02 weeks
– Amoxycillin
– Clithromycin
– Metronidazole
– Tetracycline
• Bismuth added
32. • Maintenance of treatment
– Usually not required in majority after eradication therapy
for H. Pylori
– Lowest effective dose of proton pump inhibitors for
prolonged period
33. • Surgical treatment
• Indications
• Perforation
• Haemorrhage
• Gastric outlet obstruction
• Interactable disease
– Delayed healing. Ulcer persists despite 3 months of active
treatment
– Ulcer recurrence with in one year of initial healing despite
maintenance therapy
34. Surgical treatment for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer
Aim
• Diversion of acid from the duodenum
• Reducing the acid/ pepsin secretion
• Both of the above
35. Options
• Truncal vagotomy and drainage
• Truncal vagatomy and antrectomy
• Highly selective vagotomy. First choice
• Lparoscopic
• Billroth 1 gastrectomy
• Billroth 11 gastrectomy
• Gastrojejunostomy
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Operation for gastric ulcer
Goal
• To excise the ulcer
• To reduce the acid/ pepsin output
• To minimize the bile reflux and gastric stasis
• Options
• Billroth 1 gastrectomy. (Ulcerated part included)
• Billroth II gastrectomy (Ulcerated part included)
• T.Vagotomy, Drinage and ulcer excision
• Proximal gastrectomy
43.
44.
45. Complications of ulcer surgery
• Recurrent ulcerations
• Small stomach syndrome
• Bile vomiting
• Early and late dumping
• Post vagotomy diarrhoea
• Malignant transformation
• Nutritional cosequences
• Gall stones