with skin anatomy and physiology. degree of burns.

1. Thermal Burns
Yogesh Vishwakarma
Chandani Kumari
Jay Patel

2. What is a burn
A burn is a sensation of pain caused by excessive heat, or
similar pain from any cause.
This occurs when there is an injury to tissues caused by contact
with dry heat (fire), moist heat (steam or liquid), chemicals,
electricity, lightning, or radiation.

3. Types of burn
Thermal
Chemical
Electrical
Radiation

4. Thermal burns
These are burns to the skin caused by any external heat source,
such as boiling water, steam, hot cooking oil, fire, and hot objects
.
Scalds are the most common type of thermal burn suffered by
children, but for adults thermal burns are most commonly caused
by fire.
85-90% of burn related injury. All thermal burns can cause an
injury to the different layers of the skin.

5. How Thermal burns occur
Thermal burns result from tissue exposure to an external heat source.
There are three main thermal burn mechanisms.
Flash and flame burns - occur due to direct or indirect exposure of a
patient to a flame source. These flames result from a triad of an
ignition source, an oxidizing agent, and a fuel source.

6. How Thermal burns occur
Scald burns - result from exposure of the patient to high-temperature
liquids. Grease burns and those due to hot oils are often much deeper
than the initial examination suggests.
Contact burns - occur from direct contact with a high-temperature
object.

7. Classification of thermal burns

10. Integumentary system
Skin is the part of integumentary system.
The skin composed of three layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis

11. Layers of epidermis

12. Dermis
• Epidermis and partially dermis layers are involve in second degree of thermal
burn.
• This causes Redness, swelling, and blisters.
• The dermis might be considered the “core” of the skin.
• It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair
follicles, sebaceous gland and sweat glands.
• When the body becomes warm, sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) produce
sweat to cool the body.
• A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland that is found all over the body and
helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair.

14. hypodermis
• All layers of skin epidermis, dermis and hypodermis is affected by third degree
of thermal burn.
• Skin looks cherry red or blacken.
• The hypodermis is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the
skin to the underlying fascia of the bones and muscles.
• The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue
and adipose tissue.
• Adipose tissue present in the hypodermis consists of fat-storing cells called
adipocytes.

15. Skeletal muscle and bones
• Fourth degree burns also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons.
• There is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.
• Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons, and they produce the
movements of body parts.

16. Epidermis
• Epidermis is damaged in first degree burn.
• First degree burn causes redness and swelling.
• The epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.
• It is avascular.
• Nutrients from the arterioles in the dermis layer diffuse upward into the
epidermis layer.

17. Specialized cells
• Basket Cells- surround base of hair follicles and sense pressure
• Langerhans Cells- attach to antigens and alert the immune system
• Melanocytes- produces melanin
• Merkel cells- tactile cells

18. Structures in the skin
• Blood vessels- carry oxygen-rich blood to cells and carry away the
waste
• Arrector pili Muscle- connected to hair follicle and causes hair to
stand erect when it contracts.
• Hair follicle- surrounds and provides nourishment for hair
• Pacinian Corpuscle- nerve receptor that responds to pressure and
vibration.
• Sensory nerves
• Sebaceous glands-release sebum.
• Sweat glands- produce moisture and lowers skin temperature.

19. Functions of skin (JAY)
Protection of the human body.
Sensation i.e. transmitting to the brain information about
surroundings.
Temperature regulation.
Immunity i.e. the role of the skin within the immune system.
Excretion from the body of certain types of waste materials.

20. Effect of 1st degree burns on skin
First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin.
If the epidermis is damaged, it would increase the chances of an
infection as the protective barrier is no more there and the burn
could have destroyed the Langerhans's cells (Macrophages)
Its also damages the sensory receptor (Markel cells), Melanocytes
and cause water loss through gas exchange.

21. Effect of 2nd degree burns on skin
Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of
the dermis layer of skin.
2nd degree burns cause damage to nerve endings thus affecting
its functions and it causes loss of sensation.
It also damages the sweat glands and oil (sebaceous) glands.

22. Effect of 2nd degree burns on skin
It can also cause damage to the hair follicle preventing hair growth
and can cause the blood vessels to rupture.
It may cause our skin to lose flexibility and strength and also disrupt
thermo regulation.

23. Effect of 3rd degree burns on skin
Third degree burns have effects on all layers of the skin down to the
the reticular layer of the skin
The skin is totally burned away and the surrounding skin has a
blackened charred appearance.
The dermis contains blood cells, capillaries and nerve cells.

24. Effect of 3rd degree burns on skin
CAPILLARIES & BLOOD VESSELS
• If the major blood vessels are a destroyed this can cause:
• Hypovolemia
• Dehydration
• Shock

25. Hypovolemia (low blood volume)
• When the blood vessels in the skin are damaged this may cause
excessive fluid loss.
• The excess fluid loss causes a decrease in the blood volume. In severe
cases, the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body.
• Hypovolemia can lead to hypovolemic shock because the vital tissues
do not receive adequate blood flow and this causes multiple organ
failure.

26. dehydration
• The body sends fluids to the affected area, thus depriving water to
the other cells.
• This can lead to a deadly drop in blood pressure.

27. Perspiration
SWEAT GLANDS
• When the sweat glands are destroyed they cannot moisturize the
skin like usual.
• This an cause itching and abnormal perspiration.

28. Sensitivity
• NERVE CELLS
• Nerve cells are also affected.
• This affects the skins sensitivity to touch.
• As the nerves regrow sensations may not be the same as before.

29. Effect of burns on other systems

30. TREATMENT
FIRST-DEGREE BURNS
1) Soak in a cool water for a few minutes.
2) Apply antibiotic ointment.
3) Cover with clean, dry bandage.
4) You can also take acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
SECOND-DEGREE BURNS
1) Soak in cool water for several minutes and also drink at least
8-10 glass of water daily until your burns heal.
2) Make sure to not take off the blisters.
3) Apply antibiotic ointment.
4) Cover with non-stick bandage.

31. 5) Change your bandage daily and make sure you are clean.
6) Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen may help with pain and
swelling.
7) It is medically proven that application of honey on second-
degree burns prevents infection.
THIRD-DEGREE and FOURTH-DEGREE
1) Get medical help immediately
2) Elevate burned body part above heart.
3) You will also need medical attention if your burn is larger
than 3 inches in diameter or it is located on face, hands, feet,
buttocks or over a major joint.

32. You can also apply turmeric for inflammation or pain.
Immerse the teabags in water and keep them on the burn
area. It helps in drawing heat from the wound and provide
calming effect due to presence of tannins.