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© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
PRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
AND UPGRADING:
Linking Value Chains, Regions and Firms
1
Gary Gereffi
Duke University
March 1, 2016
Seminario BOT
Mexico City, MEXICO
© 2014 Duke CGGC
AGENDA
1. Clarifying GVC Concepts
2. Advanced Manufacturing Value Chains
• Medical Devices Value Chain in Costa Rica
• Aerospace and Automotive in Mexico
3. Latin American Economies in GVCs: Challenges and
Opportunities
© 2014 Duke CGGC
CLARIFYING GVC CONCEPTS
3
© 2014 Duke CGGC
INITIAL DISTINCTIONS
• Global Supply Chains
– Logistics (transportation focus: reduce time + costs)
– Trade Facilitation (lower barriers at the border)
• Global Commodity Chains
– Producer-driven chains: Trade + FDI (e.g., aircraft, autos, mining, oil)
– Buyer-driven chains: Trade w/o FDI (e.g., consumer goods); global
subcontracting by retailers, brands & supermarkets
• Global Value Chains
– Rise of intermediate goods trade (import content of exports: 20% in
1990; 40% in 2010; 60% in 2030 – P. Lamy)
– Create, capture & sustain domestic value added (e.g., Chinese i-
Phone example; build capabilities of domestic suppliers)
• Regional Value Chains
– Growing in importance, esp. since 2008-09 and in emerging
economies; beyond fragmentation and EOI development model.
4
© 2014 Duke CGGC
MASTER GVC CONCEPTS:
GOVERNANCE & UPGRADING
5
Global value chain analysis provides both conceptual and
methodological tools for examining the global economy
• Top-down: a focus on lead firms and inter-firm
networks, using varied typologies of industrial
“governance”
• Bottom-up: a focus on countries and regions, which
are analyzed in terms of various trajectories of
economic, social and environmental “upgrading” (or
“downgrading”)
© 2014 Duke CGGC
LINKING GLOBAL CHAINS AND LOCAL CLUSTERS
6
© 2014 Duke CGGC
Five GVC Governance Types
7
G. Gereffi, J. Humphrey & T. Sturgeon, “The governance of global value chains,”
Review of International Political Economy 12, 1 (2005), p. 89.
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
WHERE ARE THE HIGH-VALUE ACTIVITIES IN GVCs?
8
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
GVC LEAD FIRMS & THEIR SUPPLY CHAINS
9
Wal-Mart – The largest retailer in the world and largest private
sector employer in USA; it has more than 60,000 suppliers
worldwide and over 80% are in China (Gereffi & Christian, 2009).
Nike – Nike’s products are made in 930 factories (subcontractors) in
50 countries, with over 1 million workers. Nike has just 38,000
direct employees, mainly in U.S. (Locke, 2013).
Apple & Foxconn – Foxconn Technology Group, the largest
electronics contract manufacturer in the world, has HQ in Taiwan
and employs over 1 million workers in mainland China. It is the
main supplier for Apple and other brand-name MNCs, and it has
recently established new factories for smartphones in Brazil,
Mexico and USA.
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
COSTA RICA IN THE MEDICAL
DEVICES GVC
10
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
Components
Manufacturing
Plastics extrusion
& molding
Precision metal
works
Electronics
development
Software
Development
Weaving/Knittin
g Textiles
Assembly
Packaging
Sterilization
Assembly /
Production
Distribution &
Marketing
Resin Metals
Chemicals Textiles
Input Suppliers
Disposables
US$575.5 million
Instruments
US$270.5 million
Capital Equip.
US$32.5 million
Therapeutics
US$301 million
Main Segments: Exports
Post-Sales
Services
Consulting
Maintenance,
Repair
Training
Research &
Product
Development
Regulatory
Approval
Process
Development
Sustaining
Engineering
Prototype
Local firms are mainly in packaging & support services (12 of 19) versus 4 in limited
role in plastics molding & metal finishing and 1 OEM with exports under $2 million.
Number of Firms
0 - 5
6 - 10
11 - 15
16 - 20
COSTA RICA IN THE MEDICAL DEVICES GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN, 2012
Wholesale
distributors
Individual Patients
Doctors & Nurses
Hospitals
(Public/Private)
11
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200 1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
ExportValues($USMilion)
Year
Costa Rica's Medical Exports by Product Category: 1998-2011
Disposables Therapeutics Instruments Capital Equipment
EVOLUTION OF MEDICAL DEVICES EXPORTS FROM COSTA RICA,
1998-2011
• Disposables still the largest product category exported, but no longer a
strong growth area.
• Exports in surgical instruments have grown steadily since 2005.
• Therapeutics has become 2nd largest category since 2008; likely to increase
as newly established firms complete transfer of new product lines.
• Limited export of highest value capital equipment (eg. Electronic/software
devices)
12
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
Entry Year Firm
Characteristics
Main Product
Export Category
Core Market
Segments
Product
Examples
Select
Firms
Up to 2000
24 firms:
8 US
15 CR
1 German
4 OEMs
8 Components
1 Input distributor
7 Packaging
1 Finishing
3 Support services
Disposables
Drug delivery;
Women’s health
Intravenous tubing (I)
Mastectomy bra (I)
Hospira;
Baxter;
Amoena;
Corbel
2001–2004
13 firms:
9 US
3 CR
1 Colombian
3 OEMS
6 Components
1 Finishing
1 Logistics provider
2 Support services
Instruments Endoscopic surgery Biopsy forceps (II)
Arthrocare;
Boston Scientific;
Oberg Industries
2005–2008
8 firms:
7 US
1 Puerto Rico
2 OEM
4 Components
1 Packaging
1 Finishing
Therapeutics
Cosmetic surgery;
Women’s health &
urology
Breast implants (III)
Minimally invasive
devices for uterine
surgery (II)
Allergan;
Tegra Medical;
Specialty Coating
Systems
2009–2012
21 firms:
16 US
1 CR
1 Ireland
1 Japan
2 Joint ventures
(US-CR)
5 OEMS
7 Components
2 Non-OEM
assemblers
1 Input Distributor
2 Sterilization
2 Packaging
Therapeutics
Disposables
Instruments
Cardiovascular
Drug delivery
Heart valves (III)
Dialysis catheters (III)
Guide wires (III)
Compression socks (I)
Abbott Vascular
St. Jude Medical
Covidien
Moog
Synergy Health
Volcano Corp.
FIRMS IN THE COSTA RICA MEDICAL DEVICES SECTOR
13
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
UPGRADING SUCCESS: A LEADING MEDICAL
DEVICES MNC
2010
Initial plant reopens
after restructuring
• 2004: Manufacturing functions
• 2012: Engineering for process improvements Focused on cardiology
segment; strategy – to alleviate R&D costs in the US.
Functional
Upgrading
• Biopsy forceps Labor intensive, basic metal works & extrusion.
• Urethral stent Thermoforming, laser marking, coating capabilities.
• Guide Wires  Sophisticated Laser cutting & welding.
• Today – CR facilities cover 42 manufacturing processes.
Product & Process
Upgrading
• Gastroenterology segment  Urology  Cardiovascular
Market
Diversification
• Recent co-location of sterilization vendors will allow the firm to export directly
to global distribution centersForward Linkages
2004
First production plant
opens in Costa Rica
(10,000m2)
2008
Second plant opens.
(32,000m2)
First plant restructuring
2005 2011
Exports:
US$18 million
Exports:
US$120 million
14
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
BRAZIL Y MEXICO: EXPORTACIONES DE DISPOSITIVOS MEDICOS
1998-2011
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
ExportValue(US$Million)
MEXICO
• Disposables: largest product category &
growing
• Brazilian government & private sector
actors working to promote price-competitive,
mid-tech exports.
• Stabilizing disposables exports
• Strong focus in instruments
• Growing gains in capital equipment 
participation in electronics value chains
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
ExportValue(US$Million)
Year
BRAZIL
15
© 2013 Duke CGGC
Linking Clusters & GVCs in Mexico
to Regional and Global Contexts
© 2013 Duke CGGC
© 2013 Duke CGGC
Automobile production in
2007 and 2011
1 USA TRADITIONAL
2 USA NEW
3 Mexico TRADITIONAL
4 Mexico NEW
5 Ontario CA
© 2013 Duke CGGC
LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIES IN GVCs:
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
19
© 2013 Duke CGGC
LATIN AMERICA’S UPGRADING PRIORITIES IN GVCs
20
• Upgrade resource-based GVCs
– Processing (minerals and agriculture)
– High-value services in extractive sectors
• Engineering services in Chile
• IT traceability system for cattle in Uruguay
• Environmental services in Costa Rica
• Growth in high-value niches of export-oriented GVCs
– Specialty coffee (Central America & Brazil)
• Advanced manufacturing
– Medical devices (Mexico, Brazil, Costa Rica)
– Aerospace & automotive
• Skills for upgrading – workforce development
• Regional integration – for productive upgrading
© 2013 Duke CGGC
POLICIES TO SUPPORT
CLUSTER UPGRADING IN LATIN AMERICA
The GVC framework suggests ways to enhance the
competitiveness of local economic clusters:
• Focus on quality and high-value activities in
order to move up global value chains
• Target MNCs that will strengthen country’s GVCs
and create dynamic local linkages
• Strengthen the role of domestic suppliers and
use TNCs as learning platforms
• Explore international and public-private
partnerships to expand country’s capabilities and
footprint in GVCs
21
© 2015 CGGC, Duke University
http://www.cggc.duke.edu
ggere@soc.duke.edu
Gary Gereffi
22

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Productive Development Policies and Upgrading: Linking Value Chains, Regions and Firms

  • 1. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University PRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND UPGRADING: Linking Value Chains, Regions and Firms 1 Gary Gereffi Duke University March 1, 2016 Seminario BOT Mexico City, MEXICO
  • 2. © 2014 Duke CGGC AGENDA 1. Clarifying GVC Concepts 2. Advanced Manufacturing Value Chains • Medical Devices Value Chain in Costa Rica • Aerospace and Automotive in Mexico 3. Latin American Economies in GVCs: Challenges and Opportunities
  • 3. © 2014 Duke CGGC CLARIFYING GVC CONCEPTS 3
  • 4. © 2014 Duke CGGC INITIAL DISTINCTIONS • Global Supply Chains – Logistics (transportation focus: reduce time + costs) – Trade Facilitation (lower barriers at the border) • Global Commodity Chains – Producer-driven chains: Trade + FDI (e.g., aircraft, autos, mining, oil) – Buyer-driven chains: Trade w/o FDI (e.g., consumer goods); global subcontracting by retailers, brands & supermarkets • Global Value Chains – Rise of intermediate goods trade (import content of exports: 20% in 1990; 40% in 2010; 60% in 2030 – P. Lamy) – Create, capture & sustain domestic value added (e.g., Chinese i- Phone example; build capabilities of domestic suppliers) • Regional Value Chains – Growing in importance, esp. since 2008-09 and in emerging economies; beyond fragmentation and EOI development model. 4
  • 5. © 2014 Duke CGGC MASTER GVC CONCEPTS: GOVERNANCE & UPGRADING 5 Global value chain analysis provides both conceptual and methodological tools for examining the global economy • Top-down: a focus on lead firms and inter-firm networks, using varied typologies of industrial “governance” • Bottom-up: a focus on countries and regions, which are analyzed in terms of various trajectories of economic, social and environmental “upgrading” (or “downgrading”)
  • 6. © 2014 Duke CGGC LINKING GLOBAL CHAINS AND LOCAL CLUSTERS 6
  • 7. © 2014 Duke CGGC Five GVC Governance Types 7 G. Gereffi, J. Humphrey & T. Sturgeon, “The governance of global value chains,” Review of International Political Economy 12, 1 (2005), p. 89.
  • 8. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University© 2015 CGGC, Duke University WHERE ARE THE HIGH-VALUE ACTIVITIES IN GVCs? 8
  • 9. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University© 2015 CGGC, Duke University GVC LEAD FIRMS & THEIR SUPPLY CHAINS 9 Wal-Mart – The largest retailer in the world and largest private sector employer in USA; it has more than 60,000 suppliers worldwide and over 80% are in China (Gereffi & Christian, 2009). Nike – Nike’s products are made in 930 factories (subcontractors) in 50 countries, with over 1 million workers. Nike has just 38,000 direct employees, mainly in U.S. (Locke, 2013). Apple & Foxconn – Foxconn Technology Group, the largest electronics contract manufacturer in the world, has HQ in Taiwan and employs over 1 million workers in mainland China. It is the main supplier for Apple and other brand-name MNCs, and it has recently established new factories for smartphones in Brazil, Mexico and USA.
  • 10. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University COSTA RICA IN THE MEDICAL DEVICES GVC 10
  • 11. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University Components Manufacturing Plastics extrusion & molding Precision metal works Electronics development Software Development Weaving/Knittin g Textiles Assembly Packaging Sterilization Assembly / Production Distribution & Marketing Resin Metals Chemicals Textiles Input Suppliers Disposables US$575.5 million Instruments US$270.5 million Capital Equip. US$32.5 million Therapeutics US$301 million Main Segments: Exports Post-Sales Services Consulting Maintenance, Repair Training Research & Product Development Regulatory Approval Process Development Sustaining Engineering Prototype Local firms are mainly in packaging & support services (12 of 19) versus 4 in limited role in plastics molding & metal finishing and 1 OEM with exports under $2 million. Number of Firms 0 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 COSTA RICA IN THE MEDICAL DEVICES GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN, 2012 Wholesale distributors Individual Patients Doctors & Nurses Hospitals (Public/Private) 11
  • 12. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ExportValues($USMilion) Year Costa Rica's Medical Exports by Product Category: 1998-2011 Disposables Therapeutics Instruments Capital Equipment EVOLUTION OF MEDICAL DEVICES EXPORTS FROM COSTA RICA, 1998-2011 • Disposables still the largest product category exported, but no longer a strong growth area. • Exports in surgical instruments have grown steadily since 2005. • Therapeutics has become 2nd largest category since 2008; likely to increase as newly established firms complete transfer of new product lines. • Limited export of highest value capital equipment (eg. Electronic/software devices) 12
  • 13. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University Entry Year Firm Characteristics Main Product Export Category Core Market Segments Product Examples Select Firms Up to 2000 24 firms: 8 US 15 CR 1 German 4 OEMs 8 Components 1 Input distributor 7 Packaging 1 Finishing 3 Support services Disposables Drug delivery; Women’s health Intravenous tubing (I) Mastectomy bra (I) Hospira; Baxter; Amoena; Corbel 2001–2004 13 firms: 9 US 3 CR 1 Colombian 3 OEMS 6 Components 1 Finishing 1 Logistics provider 2 Support services Instruments Endoscopic surgery Biopsy forceps (II) Arthrocare; Boston Scientific; Oberg Industries 2005–2008 8 firms: 7 US 1 Puerto Rico 2 OEM 4 Components 1 Packaging 1 Finishing Therapeutics Cosmetic surgery; Women’s health & urology Breast implants (III) Minimally invasive devices for uterine surgery (II) Allergan; Tegra Medical; Specialty Coating Systems 2009–2012 21 firms: 16 US 1 CR 1 Ireland 1 Japan 2 Joint ventures (US-CR) 5 OEMS 7 Components 2 Non-OEM assemblers 1 Input Distributor 2 Sterilization 2 Packaging Therapeutics Disposables Instruments Cardiovascular Drug delivery Heart valves (III) Dialysis catheters (III) Guide wires (III) Compression socks (I) Abbott Vascular St. Jude Medical Covidien Moog Synergy Health Volcano Corp. FIRMS IN THE COSTA RICA MEDICAL DEVICES SECTOR 13
  • 14. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University© 2015 CGGC, Duke University UPGRADING SUCCESS: A LEADING MEDICAL DEVICES MNC 2010 Initial plant reopens after restructuring • 2004: Manufacturing functions • 2012: Engineering for process improvements Focused on cardiology segment; strategy – to alleviate R&D costs in the US. Functional Upgrading • Biopsy forceps Labor intensive, basic metal works & extrusion. • Urethral stent Thermoforming, laser marking, coating capabilities. • Guide Wires  Sophisticated Laser cutting & welding. • Today – CR facilities cover 42 manufacturing processes. Product & Process Upgrading • Gastroenterology segment  Urology  Cardiovascular Market Diversification • Recent co-location of sterilization vendors will allow the firm to export directly to global distribution centersForward Linkages 2004 First production plant opens in Costa Rica (10,000m2) 2008 Second plant opens. (32,000m2) First plant restructuring 2005 2011 Exports: US$18 million Exports: US$120 million 14
  • 15. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University BRAZIL Y MEXICO: EXPORTACIONES DE DISPOSITIVOS MEDICOS 1998-2011 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 ExportValue(US$Million) MEXICO • Disposables: largest product category & growing • Brazilian government & private sector actors working to promote price-competitive, mid-tech exports. • Stabilizing disposables exports • Strong focus in instruments • Growing gains in capital equipment  participation in electronics value chains 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 ExportValue(US$Million) Year BRAZIL 15
  • 16. © 2013 Duke CGGC Linking Clusters & GVCs in Mexico to Regional and Global Contexts
  • 17. © 2013 Duke CGGC
  • 18. © 2013 Duke CGGC Automobile production in 2007 and 2011 1 USA TRADITIONAL 2 USA NEW 3 Mexico TRADITIONAL 4 Mexico NEW 5 Ontario CA
  • 19. © 2013 Duke CGGC LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIES IN GVCs: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 19
  • 20. © 2013 Duke CGGC LATIN AMERICA’S UPGRADING PRIORITIES IN GVCs 20 • Upgrade resource-based GVCs – Processing (minerals and agriculture) – High-value services in extractive sectors • Engineering services in Chile • IT traceability system for cattle in Uruguay • Environmental services in Costa Rica • Growth in high-value niches of export-oriented GVCs – Specialty coffee (Central America & Brazil) • Advanced manufacturing – Medical devices (Mexico, Brazil, Costa Rica) – Aerospace & automotive • Skills for upgrading – workforce development • Regional integration – for productive upgrading
  • 21. © 2013 Duke CGGC POLICIES TO SUPPORT CLUSTER UPGRADING IN LATIN AMERICA The GVC framework suggests ways to enhance the competitiveness of local economic clusters: • Focus on quality and high-value activities in order to move up global value chains • Target MNCs that will strengthen country’s GVCs and create dynamic local linkages • Strengthen the role of domestic suppliers and use TNCs as learning platforms • Explore international and public-private partnerships to expand country’s capabilities and footprint in GVCs 21
  • 22. © 2015 CGGC, Duke University http://www.cggc.duke.edu ggere@soc.duke.edu Gary Gereffi 22