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1. *World War II

2. Appeasement Trying to avoid war with an aggressive nation by
giving in to its demands
Conscription Required military service
Anschluss The unification of Germany and Austria (1938)
Sudetenland The western part of Czechoslovakia that has a large
German-speaking population.
Rome-Berlin Axis Alliance between Italy and Germany – they wanted to
be the “axis” around which the rest of Europe
revolved.
Blitzkrieg “lightening war” – the name German military attacks
throughout Europe. (Hit them hard and fast with
everything you’ve got).
Neutrality Acts A series of U.S. laws passed in order to help keep the
United States out of war.
Soviet Non-
Aggression Pact
Agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack
one another. (August 1939)

3. Axis Powers Italy, Germany, and Japan
Allied Powers Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union, France (in
the form of the French Resistance, led by Charles de
Gaulle)
Munich Conference Meeting among Hitler and the leaders of France and
Britain. Hitler promises not to take over any more
land in Europe. France and Britain pledge to take
military action if he does. (September 1938)
Battle of Britain Name given to the air battles over England between
the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Luftwaffe (German
Air Force). RAF success forces Hitler to give up plans
for a land invasion of England.
D-day Name given to the Allied invasion of France on the
beaches of Normandy, June 6, 1944.
Island hopping U.S. strategy of fighting against the Japanese in the
Pacific War where the U.S. attacked critical small
islands and skipped over larger islands held by the
Japanese in order to get closer to the Japanese
mainland.

4. Kristallnacht “night of broken glass” – November 9, 1938. The
Nazis burned synagogues, Jewish businesses and
homes. Begins the purge of Jews from Germany.
ghetto Closed neighborhoods where Jews were forced to live
in deplorable conditions.
genocide The killing of a people from the same racial,
political, or cultural group.
Holocaust The planned destruction of the Jews of Europe. This
was Hitler’s “Final Solution.”
Concentration
camps
Prison camps where prisoners were worked until
death.
Death camps
(extermination
camps)
Begins in 1942, Jews and other “undesirables” were
sent there and received immediate death upon
arrival. Auschwitz was the largest of these camps.
Nuremburg Trials Trials after WW2 for Nazi officials charged of “crimes
against humanity.”

5. *Italy
*Wants to build an
empire
*Invades Ethiopia in
East Africa
*The League of
Nations imposes
sanctions
(penalties), but it
does not stop the
Italians.
*Ethiopia annexed
(made a part of
another country) in
May 1936.

6. *Hitler and the Treaty
of Versailles
*Used conscription (required military
service) to increase the military.
*Moved troops into the Rhineland (area in
Western Germany near France.
*Annexed Austria in 1938 (the Anschluss).
*Demanded the Sudetenland in Western
Czechoslovakia in 1938.
*Invaded all of Czechoslovakia in 1939
(despite the Munich Agreement).

7. *Response to Germany
and Hitler
*The U.S. chose to be isolationist (turning
inward and not focusing on problems
outside of one’s own country).
*The U.S. passed a series of Neutrality Acts
prohibiting it from loaning money or selling
weapons to countries at war.
*The U.S. was hoping to keep from being
drawn into another conflict.

8. *Response to Germany
and Hitler
*The British and French chose to
appeasement as the way to deal with the
Germans and Italians.
*Appeasement means to give in to
“reasonable demands.”
*They were hoping that loosening the reigns
a little on Hitler would make him happier.
*“You give someone an inch and they take a
mile!”
*Munich Pact (1938): Hitler agreed to stop
taking additional land in Europe.

9. *The Beginning of a
War
*Germany, Italy, and Japan joined together
to form the Axis Alliance in 1936.
*While Germany is re-claiming lost territory
in Europe, Japan is continuing to invade
China (1937) and the French Indo-China
(1941). (French Indo-China was French
controlled countries of Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia.)
* This creates two theaters (areas) of war:
Europe and the Pacific.

10. *Stalin and Hitler
*Stalin is worried about Hitler.
He is afraid of losing the rich
farmland in Western Russia.
He tries to warn the other
European leaders, but they
ignore him because they
don’t like Communism.
*Stalin decides to become
allies with Germany. Hitler
and Stalin sign the Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact (1939)
which promises the countries
won’t attack each other.
They also create “spheres of
influence” in Europe.

11. *Poland
*Despite the Munich Pact,
an invasion of Poland was
planned (September
1939). Germany invaded
from the west, and the
Soviet Union invaded
from the east. They
planned to divide Poland.
*Rapid invasion and
surprise attacks used by
the Germans known as a
“blitzkrieg” or lightning
war.
*Great Britain and France
declare war on Germany.

12. *Europe Falls
*Norway, Denmark,
Luxembourg, and the
Netherlands were swiftly
attacked by Hitler in
early 1940.
*France and Great Britain
sent their best troops to
protect Belgium. After
hard fighting, a massive
evacuation of 300,000
Allied troops occurred at
Dunkirk.
*France is in chaos as the
Germans race their army
to Paris. An armistice is
signed on June 14 and
Germany controls France.
*In Southern France, Vichy
France was a puppet
government of the Nazis.

13. *Battle of Britain
*Great Britain is the only unoccupied country in Europe.
*Hitler tries to conquer Britain by:
1. Bombing Southern England (factories)
2. Air war between the German Luftwaffe and the British
Royal Air Force (RAF)
3. Heavy bombing of London, known as the Blitz. (As a
symbol to the British people, the Royal Family stayed in
Buckingham Palace during the bombings). Winston
Churchill, the Prime Minister, said the British will never
surrender.
RAF defeats the Luftwaffe with the help of RADAR, and
Hitler does not invade Great Britain. Instead, he begins
focusing on conquering Eastern Europe, including
Yugoslavia, Greece, and the Soviet Union.

14. *North Africa
*The British send troops to stop the Italian
advance in North Africa. The British push the
Italian back to the coast of Libya.
*The Germans, under the leadership of Rommel,
save the Italians in Libya, but the British kick
the Italians out of Somalia and Ethiopia.
*The Germans work to capture the Suez Canal
and Egypt because this is the gateway to the
oil resources in the Middle East.

15. *U.S. Policy Changes
*Roosevelt realizes that the British need
help.
*In 1939, the U.S. begins “cash and carry
policy.” This allows the U.S. to sell goods
to the British; must pay in cash and carry
on their own ships.
*In 1940, Congress approves the “lend-lease
act.” This allows the U.S. to lend war
equipment to any country whose defense
seemed vital to the security of the U.S.

16. *Japanese Attack
*In response to the Japanese invasion of
French Indo-China, the U.S. did the
following:
1. Placed a ban on the sale of scrap
metal to Japan (used to make
weapons)
2. Placed an embargo on oil (no oil trade)
3. Would not allow the Japanese to
withdraw money from U.S. banks

17. *Pearl Harbor
*U.S. Pacific Naval Fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor.
*December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor attacked. Roosevelt calls
this “a day that will live in infamy.”
*U.S. had sent all of its aircraft carriers and most of its
planes to sea.
*Japanese disabled 19 ships, destroyed 188 airplanes,
wounded 1,100 and killed 2,400.
*U.S. declares war on Japan on December 8, 1941.

18. *Hitler vs. Stalin
*After losing the Battle of
Britain, the Germans turn
and attack the Soviet Union
in June 1941.
*Operation Barbarossa:
attack the Soviet Union in
10 weeks. Lose because of
Russian winters and being
outnumbered by the
Russians.
*Stalin started the “scorched
earth policy” – burn
everything that could be
helpful to the Germans.
*Battle of Stalingrad:
Considered the turning
point in the war. 100,000
Germans died; 80,000
captured when the Germans
wait until winter to attack.
(In the first few days of
war, the Germans destroy
most of the Soviet Air
Force, thousands of tanks,
and captured ½ million
soldiers.

19. *North Africa
*German troops in N. Africa led by
General Rommel. He was known as
the “Desert Fox” because he used
blitzkrieg strategies to win.
Germans capture most of N. Africa.
*The British fight back to defend
Egypt and push the Germans back to
Tripoli.
*In May 1942, the U.S. landed troops
in Morocco and Algeria. The British
and the Americans squeezed the
Germans from both sides.
*Rommel tells Hitler it is hopeless.
Angry, Hitler removes Rommel from
N.Africa. The Allies win in May 1943.
Now the Allies can focus on Europe.

20. *Sicily and Italy
*Operation Mincemeat
*After North Africa is
liberated, the Allies focus
on invading Sicily and
then Italy. They thought
the Italians would be a
weak opponent.
*Sicily is conquered in May
1943, and after hard
fighting, Allies enter
Rome in 1944.
*Mussolini is killed by his
own people in 1945.

21. *D-Day
*Churchill, FDR, and
Eisenhower (the Allied
commander in Europe)
planned a land invasion of
France. Stalin promised to
attack Germany at the same
time from the east.
*“Operation Fortitude”
*The invasion included
150,000 soldiers; 5,000
ships; 11,000 planes and
gliders. D-day was known
as Operation Overlord.
*The attack began on June 6,
1944.

22. *D-Day
*The Free France Movement (French Resistance) organized
under General Charles de Gaulle. The Resistance blew up
railroads and bridges to slow down the German response
on D-day. They also spied on German troop movement,
information that was crucial to the D-day invasion.
*Allies went in on parachutes and on gliders behind enemy
lines the night before the invasion.
*The beach invasion began at dawn.
*By July, more than 1 million Allied troops in France. On
August 24, 1944, de Gaulle enters a freed Paris.

23. *End of the War
in Europe
*Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s last attempt to defeat the
Allies in Europe. (December and January 1945). 600,000
Americans fought in the battle; 80,000 killed. Germans
lost 100,000. Germany lost because they ran out of
fuel!!!!!!!!!!
*May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered. Known as V-E day
(Victory in Europe).
*Hitler commits suicide (took a cyanide pill and then shot
himself).

24. *War in the Pacific
*After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began capturing all
of the small islands in the Pacific, including Guam,
Wake Island, Hong Kong and the Philippines.
*General Douglas MacArthur is the Allied Commander
in the Pacific.
*Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) – U.S. stopped
Japan invasion of Australia.
*Battle of Midway (June 1942): U.S. defeated the
Japanese and destroyed many planes and aircraft
carriers.
*U.S. begins “island-hopping”- skipping over the
islands heavily secured by the Japanese and taking
back control of smaller islands. (This strategy got the
Americans closer to Japan with fewer casualties, and
cut those island off from Japanese resources.)

25. *War in the
Pacific
*Battle of Guadalcanal:
the first battle in the
Pacific using allied
forces on land, sea, and
air. (lasted 6 months!,
August 1942-February
1943)
*Battles of Iwo Jima
(Feb-March 1945) and
Okinawa (April-May
1945) were important
because they had air
bases that were within
striking distance of
Japan.

26. *The Atomic
Bomb
*President Truman decided to drop
the bomb in order to save American
lives from a land invasion.
*The Manhattan Project was the name
given to the secret development of
the bomb in locations such as
Manhattan, NY; Oak Ridge, TN; and
the New Mexico desert.
*Hiroshima (August 6, 1945): around
70,000 killed instantly; 135,000 final
death toll
*Nagasaki (August 9, 1945): 40,000
killed instantly; 50,000 final death
toll
*Victory in Japan (VJ Day): August
15, 1945.