Byzantine Period, Culture Evolution, Architecture and City Planning.

1. ROMAN PERIOD
A PRESENTATION BY :
04. Vaishnavi
09. Pralay
13. Narayan
42. Ishrat
Elective II
Evolution of Art, Culture and Technology

2. Structure of the presentation
• Overview and Location
• History of Roman Empire
• Architecture and City Planning
• Technology
• Occupation
• Trade and Commerce
• Art and Culture

4. LOCATION OF ROME

5. > Rome was established near the
Tiber river and Alban hills.
> This site offered many benefits as
the river was a natural border.
> The hills gave a safe defensive
position.
> The site was also located on an
intersection between two principal
roads leading to the sea coming
from Sabinum in the Northeast &
Etruria in the Northwest.
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

7. > According to Greek mythology,
Romulus & Remus, twin sons
of Rhea Silvia & Mars, the God of
war were born in 771 BC.
> Due to prophecy, they were
abandoned after birth on Tiber
river.
> A she wolf took care of them.
> Faustulus and his wife Acca
Larentia raised them further.
> Romulus killed Remus and founded
the city of Rome.
ORIGIN

9. 753 BC
• Romulus founded Rome, became first ruler
753 BC –
509 BC
• Rome ruled by kings
509 BC
• Rome becomes a republic
• Senators administered the city
218 BC
• Hannibal invades Italy
• Second Punic War
73 BC
• Spartacus leads slaves
45 BC
• First dictator – Julius Caesar
• Civil war – end of Roman republic
44 BC
• Assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus
• Second civil war
HISTORY

10. 27 BC
• Roman empire begins.
• Caesar Augustus – 1st Roman emperor
80 AD
• Colosseum was built
121 AD
• The Hadrian Wall was built
306 AD
• Constantine becomes emperor
• Spread of Christianity.
380 AD
• Rome splits into two empires.
476 AD
• End of western Roman empire
• Romulus Augustus – Last Roman emperor
HISTORY

11. HISTORY

13. FATHER OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE – M. Vergilius Eurysaces
‘ All buildings
must be executed
in such a way as to
take account of
durability, utility &
beauty. ‘
ARCHITECTURE

14. • Architectural ideals
• Building materials
• Structures
- Walls
- Bridges
- Arches & Vault
- Dome
- Aqueducts
- Theatres, Circuses & Arenas
- Bath
- Temples & Pantheons
- Basilicas
- Tomb
ARCHITECTURE

15. • ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS
- SPACE :
> To the Romans, the space inside a structure was just
as important as the exterior.
> Interior space was the primary focus of Roman
architecture and was shaped by vaults, arches and
walls.
- EXTRAVAGANCY :
> Architecture for the powerful was gaudy and
colourful, not like the ruins seen today.
ARCHITECTURE

16. • BUILDING MATERIALS USED
- STONES :
> Volcanic tufa - walls
> Limestone - sculptures
> Travertine - aqueducts and tiling
> White marble - sculptures
- BRICK
- CEMENT
> Made from pozzolanic ash / pozzolana
- CONCRETE
ARCHITECTURE

17. Masonary
Travertine White Marble
Volcanic Tufa Limestone

18. Masonry
Opus Incertum Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum

19. • STRUCTURES
- Walls :
> For defense purpose
> Minimum height of 3.5m
> Width ranged from 1.8m to 6m
ARCHITECTURE

20. • STRUCTURES
- BRIDGES :
> Generally lower in height and broader than
aqueducts
> Two important Roman bridges :
1. Pons Fabricus
2. Pons Milvius
ARCHITECTURE

21. • STRUCTURES
- ARCHES :
> More intricate than a simple post-and-lintel system.
> Formed by a multitude of small elements that curve
over space by resting against each other in a
delicate balance.
ARCHITECTURE

22. ARCHITECTURE

23. • STRUCTURES
- VAULTS :
> Created by extending an arch along its axis (merely
an extended arch).
> Supports and provides a roof for a given area.
> Types of vaults :
1. Barrel / Tunnel vaults
2. Cross / Groin vaults
ARCHITECTURE

24. ARCHITECTURE
Barrel / Tunnel Vault Cross / Groin Vault

25. • STRUCTURES
- DOME :
ARCHITECTURE
Cloister Dome True Dome

26. • STRUCTURES
- AQUEDUCTS :
> Used to supply the civilization with water from afar.
> Utilized an arch to create a continuous line of
decent of water.
> Built using stone, brick or concrete.
> Aqua Claudia :
~ Brought water over solid masonry from some ten
miles into Rome
ARCHITECTURE

27. ARCHITECTURE

28. • STRUCTURES
- Basilicas :
> Pure Roman style of architecture
> Means, a roofed hall rectangular in plan,
sometimes with an apse.
> Basilica Ulpia
~ Finest example of the columner basilica
> Basilica in Trier, Germany
~ Built by Constantine
~ Served as an important model in the
Roman period of architecture
ARCHITECTURE

29. ARCHITECTURE
Basilica in Ulpia Basilica in Trier

30. • STRUCTURES
- THEATRES :
> Roman theatres were closed while Greeks had open,
outside theatre.
ARCHITECTURE

31. • STRUCTURES
- CIRCUSES :
ARCHITECTURE
Circus Maximus

32. • STRUCTURES
- ARENAS :
> Emperors fought gladiators and wild animals
> Deadly sports like Chariot racing, etc.
ARCHITECTURE

33. Colosseum
ARCHITECTURE

34. • STRUCTURES
- BATHS :
> Strenuous daily life promoted the Romans to
construct large public baths.
> Wealthy citizens also constructed private baths in
their domiciles.
> Featured elaborate heating systems
~ Furnaces beneath floors
~ Heat was transmitted to rooms by tile ducts,
warming the floors and the walls.
ARCHITECTURE

35. Apodyterium Tepedarium
Caldarium Frigidarium

36. • ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS
- Temples :
> Earliest Roman temples resembled Etruscan temples
and Greek temples
~ Axial plan
~ Deep porch
~ Widely spaced columns
~ High podiums
> Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
> Pantheon :
~ Immense, domed cella
~ Deep, octastyle Corinthian porch
~ Block-like intermediate structure
ARCHITECTURE

37. Temples

38. • STRUCTURES
- Tombs :
ARCHITECTURE

39. > Lower classes in meagre, cramped apartments
> Middle classes on the lower floors. Their housing
was called as INSULAS.
> Upper classes usually owned a house known as
DOMUS.
Housing
Ancient Insulas

40. Housing

41. Housing
Modern Ancient

42. Roads
Road Pavement Structure

43. Roads
Modern Ancient

44. Water Supply & Sanitation

45. City Planning

46. > The basic city plan consisted of a central forum with other
city services.
> It was surrounded by a wall for defense purpose.
> The wall also marked city limits & was covered by a
PORTCULLIS.
> Streets were laid at right angles, in a square grid.
> All roads were equal in length & width.
> Each squared marked by 4 roads was called an INSULA.
City Planning

47. > Most Roman cities had a population between between
5,000 & 15,000 people.
> Cities were more important to the Roman Empire
because they were where the empire collected taxes.
> The Ancient Roman city planning still is very clear in
modern Rome & it has influenced many towns across
Europe & the world.
City Planning

48. City Planning

49. City Planning
CITY OF TIMGAD

50. CITY OF POMPEII
City Planning

51. City Planning

53. > Romans technologically excelled in :
- Civil Engineering
- Engineering construction materials
- Transport technology
- Inventions such as the mechanical reaper.
- Rome was also medically advanced.
~ GALEN (129 to 217 AD.) was the first physician
~ Father of Medicine in Rome
~ excelled in both surgery & herbal medicines.
~ He served as a physician of the Roman Emperor
Marcus Aurelius.
- Roman Arenas
Technology

54. Technology

55. Technology

57. • Types of jobs :
- Farmer
- Soldier
- Merchant
- Craftsmen
- Entertainers
- Lawyers, teachers & engineers
- Government
Occupation

59. > City served as a central point for commerce.
> Farmers brought produce into the city for good
coins.
> Cheating was prevented.
Trade & Commerce

60. Trade & Commerce

62. Patricians
Plebeians
Slaves
Social Structure

64. LIFESTYLE
> Daily life
> Clothing
> Food
Culture & Tradition

65. LIFESTYLE
> Food
Culture & Tradition

66. LIFESTYLE
> Clothing :
Culture & Tradition

67. RELIGION
Ancient Roman deity Role Ancient Greek deity
Jupiter King of the Gods Zeus
Juno Wife of the king, Goddess
of women & childbirth
Hera
Neptune God of the sea Poseidon
Mars God of war Ares
Venus Goddess of love & beauty Aphrodite
Bacchus God of wine & pleasure Dionysus
Vesta Goddess of the hearth Hestia
1. DERIVED FROM GREEK
MYTHOLOGY
2. CHRISTIANITY
LANGUAGE : Greek & Latin
Culture & Tradition

68. Funeral Customs
Cremations Burial
Culture & Tradition

69. LITERATURE
> Philosophy :
INDUSTRIA- to
work hard,
diligence
CLEMENTIA-
equity of rights
VIRTUS- courage,
honour, desire
to excel
FIDES- honesty,
believability,
dependability
GRAVITAS- self
control, dignity,
seriousness,
responsibility
PIETAS- respect,
dutifulness, good
living,
VALUES
Culture & Tradition

70. ~ Virgil (70 BC to 19 BC) : History poems
~ Horace (65 BC to 8 BC) : Satires
~ Ovid (43 BC to 117 AD) : Love poems
> Poetry :
> Speeches : Rhetorics
LITERATURE
Ovid Horace
Culture & Tradition

71. VISUAL ARTS
> Sculptures :
Culture & Tradition

72. > Bust :
VISUAL ARTS
Culture & Tradition

73. > Paintings :
VISUAL ARTS
Culture & Tradition

74. Paintings

75. > Mosaics :
VISUAL ARTS
Culture & Tradition

76. > Theatres :
ENTERTAINMENT
Culture & Tradition

77. > Arenas & Circuses :
ENTERTAINMENT
Culture & Tradition

78. SPECIAL THANKS TO
OMKAR SIR
PRESENTED BY
04. Vaishnavi
09. Pralay
13. Narayan
42. Ishrat
THANK YOU