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Falin ecn 2012
1. Bringing LLAMA home:
the legalities and logistics of
managing the “by-catch” of a
large arthropod survey
Zack Falin
Division of Entomology,
KU Biodiversity Institute
~or~
9. LLAMA 101
Raw litter (i.e. “dirt bags”)
Pre-extracted beetles
Subsamples fractioned by taxon
10. LLAMA 101
Extract beetles from samples
Separate out representatives to mount
Archive duplicate series
Retain taxon-specific subset for DNA
Prepare & sort pinned specimens
Disburse loans to third party collaborators
Repatriate determined representatives
11. KU BI Accession Protocols
BI administrative accession =
legal ownership
12. KU BI Accession Protocols
BI administrative accession =
legal ownership
Divisional “accession” =
collection growth data
13. KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
I hereby attest that to the best of my knowledge the above information is correct and accurate and that the
specimens and/or objects comprising this accession were obtained legally and are suitable for accession.
Signature______________________________________ Title:_____________________Date: ______________
Printed name: ________________________________________
This accession is approved by the Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas.
Signature______________________________________ Title:_____________________Date: ______________
Accession Number: _____________________________________
Description of Accession: See attached complete description
Accession Checklist
14. KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
I hereby attest that to the best of my knowledge the above information is correct and accurate and that the
specimens and/or objects comprising this accession were obtained legally and are suitable for accession.
Signature______________________________________ Title:_____________________Date: ______________
Printed name: ________________________________________
This accession is approved by the Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas.
Signature______________________________________ Title:_____________________Date: ______________
Accession Number: _____________________________________
Description of Accession: See attached complete description
----------------------------------------------------
Accession Checklist
15. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
16. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
17. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
18. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
19. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
20. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
21. Deed of Transfer
The University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute
Deed of Transfer
Description of Accession:
2,445 Coleoptera collected by John LeConte in Kansas in 1845
AGREEMENT
I hereby acknowledge that I have read the terms of acceptance (below), and that to the best of my
knowledge the specimens and/or objects comprising this accession were obtained legally and
further, that I have the authority to transfer their ownership to the University of Kansas Biodiversity
Institute.
Signature of agent/donor:
Date:
Terms of Acceptance
1. Signing this document legally transfers ownership of all specimens and/or objects listed on the accession
form(s) to the Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas (institute). By the execution of this Deed
of Transfer the donor or agent represents and warrants that he/she has full power and authority to
transfer or give the specimens and/or objects to the institute. All donations, exchanges, gifts, purchases,
bequests, and receipt of specimens or objects from regular fieldwork are considered outright and
unconditional accessions to be used at the institute’s discretion.
2. The donor or agent acknowledges that the institute has not promised, and is in no way obliged, to exhibit
or restrict the use of these specimens and/or objects and may deaccession or dispose of these specimens
and/or objects, if appropriate.
3. Donations to the institute may be tax deductible. Although the institute is unable to provide appraisals of
donations, the staff will provide a list of qualified appraisers upon request.
4. The institute shall have the absolute and unconditional ownership of the specimens and/or objects listed
on this Deed of Transfer form.
Date
Received from: Name
Address
Telephone
22. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
23. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
24. Version approved 19 September 2011
KU Biodiversity Institute – Accession Checklist
The following checklist is to be completed and approved before any specimen or object may be accessioned by the
Biodiversity Institute. Check boxes ONLY if the required documents are in hand. ‘NA’ signifies ‘Not applicable’.
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(by donation, exchange, gift, abandonment, or purchase) Yes No NA
Transmittal form or letter from appropriate authority at the institution of origin
Signed Deed of Transfer form
Export permit (if from a non-US institution)
Import permit (if from a non-US institution)
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permits (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
APHIS certification(s)
Other: ___________________________________________________
FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIMENS NOT PREVIOUSLY CATALOGED IN ANOTHER INSTITUTION
(field work, gift, exchange, purchase, donation, bequest, or contract) Yes No NA
Original or copy of collecting permit(s)
Original or copy of export permit (if from a non-US locale or institution)
Signed Deed of Transfer form
US Fish and Wildlife Service ESA permit
Copy of 3-177 form (if from a non-US locale or institution)
CITES permit(s) (if transaction involves CITES-listed specimens)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act permit
APHIS certification(s)
Original or copy of field notes for specimens in this accession
Originals or copies of any correspondence relating to this accession
Antarctic Conservation Act permit
Bald Eagle Protection Act permit
Bureau of Land Management permit
Controlled Substances Act
Feather Import Quota
Fur Seal Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act permit
Plant Protection Act
State Collecting permit
US Fish and Wildlife Salvage permit
Other: ______________________________________________________________
25. Version approved 19 September 2011
I hereby attest that to the best of my knowledge the above information is correct and accurate and that the
specimens and/or objects comprising this accession were obtained legally and are suitable for accession.
Signature ______________________________________ Title: ____________________ Date: ______________
Printed name: ________________________________________
This accession is approved by the Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas.
Signature ______________________________________ Title: ____________________ Date: ______________
Accession Number: __2012-EN-097_____________
Description of Accession: See attached complete description
2,445 Coleoptera collected by John LeConte in Kansas in 1845
26. KU BI Accession Protocols
Assemble documentation:
permits, “DoT”, 3-177, etc.
Submit with accession checklist
Cross fingers
27. KU BI Accession Protocols
Lengthy production time
Incomplete/mixed batches of samples
Multiple and varying preparation types
28. KU BI Accession Protocols
Lengthy production time
Incomplete/mixed batches of samples
Multiple and varying preparation types
Accession bulk lots
counted/differentiated by field numbers
or “collecting events”
39. LLAMA statistics
DNA grade sub-samples
700+ microvials
19 taxa of “DNA interest”
??? Individual specimens
40. LLAMA statistics
47 loans in 4 years
9,628 specimens loaned (~25% of total)
40+ specialists as determiners
366 unique taxa, species through family
1 specimen return, 40 species in 7 families
41. LLAMA statistics
Specify data base for specimen & collecting
event counts, determinations
Ad hoc Excel spreadsheets for all
transactions, sample tracking & DNA
grade EtOH inventory
45. Pithy observations
Explicit Specimen Retention Agreements,
but impossible to enforce?
Clean samples… mostly
Easy (!) to accession despite complexity
46. Pithy observations
Explicit Specimen Retention Agreements,
but impossible to enforce?
Clean samples… mostly
Easy (!) to accession despite complexity
Everyone wins! But…
47. Pithy observations
Explicit Specimen Retention Agreements,
but impossible to enforce?
Clean samples… mostly
Easy (!) to accession despite complexity
Everyone wins! But…
Know thine sampling regimes
48. The one-l lama,
He’s a priest,
The two-l llama,
He’s a beast.
And I will bet
A silk pajama
There isn’t any
Three-l lllama.*
-Ogden Nash
*the author’s attention has
been called to a type of
conflagration known as the
three-alarmer.
49. The one-l lama,
He’s a priest,
The two-l llama,
He’s a beast.
And I will bet
A silk pajama
There isn’t any
Three-l lllama.*
-Ogden Nash
*the author’s attention has
been called to a type of
conflagration known as the
three-alarmer. Pooh.