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Managing Potential Risk Associated
With Vapor Migration/Intrusion Using
ASTM E 2600-10
by

Anthony J. Buonicore, P.E.
Director, Environmental Data Resources, Inc.
Milford, CT
For presentation at

The 2011 Enfos Solutions Conference
Chicago, IL
October 19-20, 2011




                                               © 2011 Environmental Data Resources, Inc.
What is vapor intrusion?
Overview

•   Vapor Intrusion Risk and Liability
•   Vapor Migration Screening Using the ASTM E 2600-10 Standard
•   Methodology to Manage the Vapor Migration/Intrusion Risk
•   Benefits to Risk Management
Vapor Intrusion Risk and Liability

• Multimillion dollar toxic tort class action lawsuits now common
• RCRA citizen suit provision, CERCLA and traditional common law
  claims (negligence, nuisance, trespass, etc.)
• Typically involve chlorinated solvent and petroleum contaminant
  migration off-site
• Nearby residential properties impacted
VI Class Action Lawsuits Growing
Sampling of Some of the More Publicized Cases
•   Ball v. Bayard Pump & Tank (petroleum from gas station)(1999)(PA)
•   Avila v. Willits Environmental Remediation Trust (chlorinateds)(1999)(CA)
•   Antolovich v. Brown Retail Group (chlorinateds)(2000)(CO)
•   Muniz v. Rexnord (Chlorinateds)(2004)(IL)
•   Ward/Bradley v. Lockheed Martin (chlorinateds)(2005)(FL)
•   Martin v. Foster Wheeler (TCE)(2006)(PA)
•   Aiken, et al. v. General Electric (TCE)(2006)(NY)
•   Branham/Booth v. Rohm & Haas (chlorinateds)(2006,2010)(PA)
•   Baumbach v. ExxonMobil (petroleum)(2006)(NY)
•   Nnadili v. Chevron (petroleum)(2006)(D.C.)
•   Grace Christian Fellowship v. KJG Investments (petroleum) (2008)(WI)
VI Class Action Lawsuits Growing                     cont’d


• Spears v. Chrysler (chlorinateds)(2008)(OH)
• Blaine v. IBM (chlorinateds)(2008)(NY)
• Sher v. Raytheon (chlorinateds)(2008)(FL)
• U.S. v. Apex Oil (petroleum)(2008)(IL)
• Voggenthaler v. Maryland Square (PCE)(2008)(NV)
• KB Home v. Rockville TBD Corp.(chorinateds)(2009)(IN)
• West Coast Home Builders v. Aventis Cropscience
  (chlorinateds)(2009)(CA)
• Martin v. Behr Dayton Thermal Products (chlorinateds)(2009)(OH)
• Weitz & Luxenberg (on behalf of Pompton Lakes Residents) v.
  DuPont and Royle Systems (chlorinateds)(2010)(NJ)
• Stoll v. Kraft Foods Global (chlorinateds)(2010)(IN)
ASTM E 2600-10 Standard
• Consensus standard published in June 2010
• Developed to facilitate screening for vapor migration potential onto
  a property or away from a property
• Environmental professionals are using it for:
     - Due diligence in Phase Is associated with
       property acquisition
    - Vapor intrusion risk assessment screening (on-site
       and off-site)
    - Contaminated property remediation (vapor
       pathway now routinely considered in developing a
       remediation strategy)
Vapor Migration Screening Using the ASTM E
2600-10 Standard

        Key ASTM E 2600-10 Screening Terms

• Chemicals of Concern (volatiles/semi-volatiles)
• Area of Concern for Plume Migration Screening
• Critical Distance for Vapor Migration Screening
Chemicals of Concern
Commonly Encountered                   Screening Level in Groundwater (NJ)
•   Petroleum contaminants:                      -   15 µg/L
          - Benzene                              -   61,000 µg/L
          - Ethylbenzene
                                                 -   310,000 µg/L
          - Toluene
          - Xylenes                              -   7,000 µg/L
          - MTBE                                 -   78 µg/L
•   Common Chlorinateds:
          - Carbon tetrachloride                 - 1 µg/L
          - cis 1,2-Dichloroethylene             - 350 µg/L
            (DCE)
          - 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCA)             -   2 µg/L
          - Methylene chloride
          - Trichloroethylene (TCE)              -   53 µg/L
          - Perchloroethylene (PCE)              -   1 µg/L
                                                 -   1 µg/L
Area of Concern
•    COC Plumes
       - 1,760 feet in direction of groundwater flow
       - reflects 90th percentile plume length
       - also reflects vapor migration distance in reasonably
         permeable soil
       - 530 feet plume width at 90th percentile*
•    Petroleum Hydrocarbon Plumes
       - 528 feet in direction of groundwater flow
       - reflects 90th percentile plume length
       - also reflects vapor migration distance in reasonably
         permeable soil
       - 130 feet plume width at 90th percentile*
•     Buonicore, A.J. , Methodology for Identifying the Area of Concern Around a Property Potentially Impacted by Vapor Migration
    from Nearby Contaminated Sources, Paper No. 2011-A-301, Proceedings, Air & Waste Management Association, 104th Annual
    Meeting, Orlando, Florida, June 20-24, 2011.
Critical Distance
• Travel distance of vapor volatilized from COC-
  contaminated groundwater in reasonably permeable
  soil
• 100 feet for COCs
• 100 feet for petroleum contaminants floating on the
  water table (LNAPL)
• 30 feet for petroleum contaminants dissolved in
  groundwater
Standardized Methodology to Manage the Vapor
Migration Risk

1. Data Collection
2. Identification of Plume Migration Impact Zone Associated with
   Known or Potential Contaminant Release
3. Property Prioritization Sequence
4. On-going Portfolio Monitoring
Data Collection
•   Contaminated groundwater plume data
     - groundwater flow direction
     - COC concentrations and trend
     - remediation status
     - current plume length and width
     - plume status (migrating? attenuating? etc.)

•   Surrounding area
     - nearest residential development
      - nearest sensitive receptors (including schools, day care centers, nearby wetlands
        and surface waters, etc.)
      - nearby known or suspect COC-contaminated sites (possible
        PRPs?)

•   COC contaminant concentration screening thresholds for vapor intrusion (RSLs – risk screening
    levels)
•   Soil characteristics impacting permeability (clay, sandy, silty, etc.)
Plume Migration Impact Zone

   “Zone containing [known or
    potential] COC-contaminated
    groundwater plume plus a distance
    to account for potential vapor
    migration”
Plume Migration Impact Zone                                           cont’d



•   Established considering known, inferred or assumed groundwater flow direction for either a known
    release or a potential release

•   For known releases: edge of contaminated plume (where state RSL exceeded) plus the critical
    distance

      For COC-contaminated groundwater
        - 100 feet (critical distance) beyond the plume edge in the
           direction of groundwater flow

      For petroleum-contaminated groundwater
         - 100 feet (critical distance) beyond the plume edge when
           LNAPL exists
         - 30 feet (critical distance) beyond the plume edge when
           only dissolved petroleum contamination exists
Plume Migration Impact Zone:
                       Property
Known Release          Boundary
                                                     Residential




     Source            Contaminated
                       Groundwater
                       Plume

Legend                                             Vapor Migration
                                                   Zone
    Groundwater Migration Zone

    Vapor Migration Zone
     100 ft. for COC – contamination
     100 ft. for Petro-contamination with LNAPL
     30 ft. for Petro-contamination Dissolved
      (only)
Plume Migration Impact Zone                                     cont’d



•   For potential releases (or where groundwater plume delineation has not been
    done):
           From the source of a potential COC release
             - 1,760 feet length in the direction of groundwater flow (90th
               percentile plume length plus critical distance)
             - 730 feet width (90th percentile plume width plus critical distance)

          From the source of a potential petroleum release
            - 528 feet length in the direction of groundwater flow (90th
              percentile plume length plus critical distance)
            - 330 feet width (90th percentile plume width plus critical distance)

    Distances may be reduced based upon site-specific soil
    characteristics, e.g., relatively impermeable soil (such as silty-clayey)
Plume Migration Impact Zone:
Potential Release          Property
                                                   Boundary
  Groundwater Flow Direction                                        Residential




                                          B
     Source
                              A
                         Contaminated
                         Groundwater
                         Plume
Legend
    Plume Migration Impact Zone
    (including 90th percentile groundwater plume length + vapor migration zone)
     COC – Release:          A = 1760 ft.
                              B = 730 ft.
     Petro – Release:        A = 528 ft.
                              B = 330 ft.
Property Prioritization Sequence
1. Known Release: COC-Contaminated groundwater
   plume under residential or sensitive receptors
   (R/SR)
     - no other PRPs
     - other PRPs


2. Known Release: Vapor volatilized off groundwater
   plume (vapor migration zone) impacting R/SR
     - no other PRPs
     - other PRPs
Property Prioritization Sequence          cont’d




3. Known Release: Groundwater plume migrating
   toward R/SR with potential vapor migration impact
     - no other PRPs
     - other PRPs

4. Potential Release: R/SR in direction (down-gradient)
   of potential contaminant release
     - no other PRPs
     - other PRPs
On-going Portfolio Monitoring
•   New on-site contaminant releases
•   New off-site contaminant releases
•   Changes in contaminated plume migration
•   Changes in contaminant concentrations in plume
•   Changes in remediation status
•   Changes in status with respect to other PRPs
•   Changes in nearby residential
•   Changes in nearby sensitive receptors
•   Changes in contaminant releases/spills at source
•   Changes is state RSLs for vapor intrusion
Key Benefits to Risk Management

• Facilitate property clean-up prioritization
• Undertake most effective risk mitigation measures
• More effective use of monies available for cleanup
Conclusions
• Vapor intrusion represents a significant potential risk and liability to
  facility owners
• Risk can be managed
• ASTM E 2600-10 can assist in screening and risk assessment
• Screening will allow for cost effective property prioritization by
  focusing where potential risk is the greatest

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Buonicore, anthony edr

  • 1. Managing Potential Risk Associated With Vapor Migration/Intrusion Using ASTM E 2600-10 by Anthony J. Buonicore, P.E. Director, Environmental Data Resources, Inc. Milford, CT For presentation at The 2011 Enfos Solutions Conference Chicago, IL October 19-20, 2011 © 2011 Environmental Data Resources, Inc.
  • 2. What is vapor intrusion?
  • 3. Overview • Vapor Intrusion Risk and Liability • Vapor Migration Screening Using the ASTM E 2600-10 Standard • Methodology to Manage the Vapor Migration/Intrusion Risk • Benefits to Risk Management
  • 4. Vapor Intrusion Risk and Liability • Multimillion dollar toxic tort class action lawsuits now common • RCRA citizen suit provision, CERCLA and traditional common law claims (negligence, nuisance, trespass, etc.) • Typically involve chlorinated solvent and petroleum contaminant migration off-site • Nearby residential properties impacted
  • 5. VI Class Action Lawsuits Growing Sampling of Some of the More Publicized Cases • Ball v. Bayard Pump & Tank (petroleum from gas station)(1999)(PA) • Avila v. Willits Environmental Remediation Trust (chlorinateds)(1999)(CA) • Antolovich v. Brown Retail Group (chlorinateds)(2000)(CO) • Muniz v. Rexnord (Chlorinateds)(2004)(IL) • Ward/Bradley v. Lockheed Martin (chlorinateds)(2005)(FL) • Martin v. Foster Wheeler (TCE)(2006)(PA) • Aiken, et al. v. General Electric (TCE)(2006)(NY) • Branham/Booth v. Rohm & Haas (chlorinateds)(2006,2010)(PA) • Baumbach v. ExxonMobil (petroleum)(2006)(NY) • Nnadili v. Chevron (petroleum)(2006)(D.C.) • Grace Christian Fellowship v. KJG Investments (petroleum) (2008)(WI)
  • 6. VI Class Action Lawsuits Growing cont’d • Spears v. Chrysler (chlorinateds)(2008)(OH) • Blaine v. IBM (chlorinateds)(2008)(NY) • Sher v. Raytheon (chlorinateds)(2008)(FL) • U.S. v. Apex Oil (petroleum)(2008)(IL) • Voggenthaler v. Maryland Square (PCE)(2008)(NV) • KB Home v. Rockville TBD Corp.(chorinateds)(2009)(IN) • West Coast Home Builders v. Aventis Cropscience (chlorinateds)(2009)(CA) • Martin v. Behr Dayton Thermal Products (chlorinateds)(2009)(OH) • Weitz & Luxenberg (on behalf of Pompton Lakes Residents) v. DuPont and Royle Systems (chlorinateds)(2010)(NJ) • Stoll v. Kraft Foods Global (chlorinateds)(2010)(IN)
  • 7. ASTM E 2600-10 Standard • Consensus standard published in June 2010 • Developed to facilitate screening for vapor migration potential onto a property or away from a property • Environmental professionals are using it for: - Due diligence in Phase Is associated with property acquisition - Vapor intrusion risk assessment screening (on-site and off-site) - Contaminated property remediation (vapor pathway now routinely considered in developing a remediation strategy)
  • 8. Vapor Migration Screening Using the ASTM E 2600-10 Standard Key ASTM E 2600-10 Screening Terms • Chemicals of Concern (volatiles/semi-volatiles) • Area of Concern for Plume Migration Screening • Critical Distance for Vapor Migration Screening
  • 9. Chemicals of Concern Commonly Encountered Screening Level in Groundwater (NJ) • Petroleum contaminants: - 15 µg/L - Benzene - 61,000 µg/L - Ethylbenzene - 310,000 µg/L - Toluene - Xylenes - 7,000 µg/L - MTBE - 78 µg/L • Common Chlorinateds: - Carbon tetrachloride - 1 µg/L - cis 1,2-Dichloroethylene - 350 µg/L (DCE) - 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCA) - 2 µg/L - Methylene chloride - Trichloroethylene (TCE) - 53 µg/L - Perchloroethylene (PCE) - 1 µg/L - 1 µg/L
  • 10. Area of Concern • COC Plumes - 1,760 feet in direction of groundwater flow - reflects 90th percentile plume length - also reflects vapor migration distance in reasonably permeable soil - 530 feet plume width at 90th percentile* • Petroleum Hydrocarbon Plumes - 528 feet in direction of groundwater flow - reflects 90th percentile plume length - also reflects vapor migration distance in reasonably permeable soil - 130 feet plume width at 90th percentile* • Buonicore, A.J. , Methodology for Identifying the Area of Concern Around a Property Potentially Impacted by Vapor Migration from Nearby Contaminated Sources, Paper No. 2011-A-301, Proceedings, Air & Waste Management Association, 104th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, June 20-24, 2011.
  • 11. Critical Distance • Travel distance of vapor volatilized from COC- contaminated groundwater in reasonably permeable soil • 100 feet for COCs • 100 feet for petroleum contaminants floating on the water table (LNAPL) • 30 feet for petroleum contaminants dissolved in groundwater
  • 12. Standardized Methodology to Manage the Vapor Migration Risk 1. Data Collection 2. Identification of Plume Migration Impact Zone Associated with Known or Potential Contaminant Release 3. Property Prioritization Sequence 4. On-going Portfolio Monitoring
  • 13. Data Collection • Contaminated groundwater plume data - groundwater flow direction - COC concentrations and trend - remediation status - current plume length and width - plume status (migrating? attenuating? etc.) • Surrounding area - nearest residential development - nearest sensitive receptors (including schools, day care centers, nearby wetlands and surface waters, etc.) - nearby known or suspect COC-contaminated sites (possible PRPs?) • COC contaminant concentration screening thresholds for vapor intrusion (RSLs – risk screening levels) • Soil characteristics impacting permeability (clay, sandy, silty, etc.)
  • 14. Plume Migration Impact Zone “Zone containing [known or potential] COC-contaminated groundwater plume plus a distance to account for potential vapor migration”
  • 15. Plume Migration Impact Zone cont’d • Established considering known, inferred or assumed groundwater flow direction for either a known release or a potential release • For known releases: edge of contaminated plume (where state RSL exceeded) plus the critical distance For COC-contaminated groundwater - 100 feet (critical distance) beyond the plume edge in the direction of groundwater flow For petroleum-contaminated groundwater - 100 feet (critical distance) beyond the plume edge when LNAPL exists - 30 feet (critical distance) beyond the plume edge when only dissolved petroleum contamination exists
  • 16. Plume Migration Impact Zone: Property Known Release Boundary Residential Source Contaminated Groundwater Plume Legend Vapor Migration Zone Groundwater Migration Zone Vapor Migration Zone  100 ft. for COC – contamination  100 ft. for Petro-contamination with LNAPL  30 ft. for Petro-contamination Dissolved (only)
  • 17. Plume Migration Impact Zone cont’d • For potential releases (or where groundwater plume delineation has not been done): From the source of a potential COC release - 1,760 feet length in the direction of groundwater flow (90th percentile plume length plus critical distance) - 730 feet width (90th percentile plume width plus critical distance) From the source of a potential petroleum release - 528 feet length in the direction of groundwater flow (90th percentile plume length plus critical distance) - 330 feet width (90th percentile plume width plus critical distance) Distances may be reduced based upon site-specific soil characteristics, e.g., relatively impermeable soil (such as silty-clayey)
  • 18. Plume Migration Impact Zone: Potential Release Property Boundary Groundwater Flow Direction Residential B Source A Contaminated Groundwater Plume Legend Plume Migration Impact Zone (including 90th percentile groundwater plume length + vapor migration zone)  COC – Release: A = 1760 ft. B = 730 ft.  Petro – Release: A = 528 ft. B = 330 ft.
  • 19. Property Prioritization Sequence 1. Known Release: COC-Contaminated groundwater plume under residential or sensitive receptors (R/SR) - no other PRPs - other PRPs 2. Known Release: Vapor volatilized off groundwater plume (vapor migration zone) impacting R/SR - no other PRPs - other PRPs
  • 20. Property Prioritization Sequence cont’d 3. Known Release: Groundwater plume migrating toward R/SR with potential vapor migration impact - no other PRPs - other PRPs 4. Potential Release: R/SR in direction (down-gradient) of potential contaminant release - no other PRPs - other PRPs
  • 21. On-going Portfolio Monitoring • New on-site contaminant releases • New off-site contaminant releases • Changes in contaminated plume migration • Changes in contaminant concentrations in plume • Changes in remediation status • Changes in status with respect to other PRPs • Changes in nearby residential • Changes in nearby sensitive receptors • Changes in contaminant releases/spills at source • Changes is state RSLs for vapor intrusion
  • 22. Key Benefits to Risk Management • Facilitate property clean-up prioritization • Undertake most effective risk mitigation measures • More effective use of monies available for cleanup
  • 23. Conclusions • Vapor intrusion represents a significant potential risk and liability to facility owners • Risk can be managed • ASTM E 2600-10 can assist in screening and risk assessment • Screening will allow for cost effective property prioritization by focusing where potential risk is the greatest