1. Photography
and Digital
Manipulation
name
1
Darkroom Process
and Camera Guide

2. Darkroom Process
How does photographic film work?
What is the darkroom process?
A darkroom is a workshop used by photographers who are working with
photographic film. The darkroom can be made completely dark to allow the
processing of light sensitive photographic materials. This can be things such
as film or photographic paper.

3. Darkroom Chemicals
Developer
Developer is a chemical that activates
halide crystals which forms part of the
emulsion on plastic or paper film.
Stop Bath
Stop bath is an acid which deactivates the
developing process. Once the print is
placed into the bath it will stop turning
black.
Fixer
Fixers is a chemical that removes
unexposed crystals on the emulsion
making the paper light safe to use.
Hypo Clear
Hypo clear is a chemical that isn’t always
used. However it does help with the
drying process, preventing marks or
streaks later on in the process.

4. Darkroom Equipment
Tanks
Tanks are used to develop a roll of film
into a negative. They are either made from
plastic or steel.
Spools
Spools are the name given to the reel in
which film is loaded into. It is then placed
into the tank and developed.
Measuring Cylinders
Measuring cylinders are used to accurately
measure the amount of chemicals placed
into a developing tray.
Thermometers
Thermometers are used at specific
temperatures otherwise they will effect
the time and quality of the process.

5. Darkroom Equipment
Enlarger
An enlarger is a device which allows
negative to be enlarged to a larger print.
Negatives are placed within the carrier.
Safe Light
Safe lights are used for a photographic
darkroom as they provide illumination
from parts of the visible spectrum that
minimally effects the light sensitive paper.
Timer
Timers are used to control the length of
exposure. They can be connected directly
to the enlarger and safe light. It will
automatically turn the enlargers light off
once it reaches a desired time and turn
the safelight off.

6. Anatomy of the 600D
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1. LCD Screen
2. Capture Button
3. View Finder
4. Mode Dial
5. On/Off Switch
6. Exposure Compensation
7. Set Button (OK Button)
8. Delete Button
9. Playback Button
10. 18-55 mm Focal Length
11. Maximum Aperture Value
12. Lens Release
13. Lens
14. Filter Size

7. Storage Devices
Use this space to explain two forms of storage device. You can add images to
illustrate your points.
Storage device is referring to the use of SD cards. When it comes to SD cards
you will typically encounter two types of cards, these are SD and Compact Flash
cards. SD cards are either either “graded” or “classed” on their read and write
speed. These are highly important aspects for the card, as it can affect how
many images can be taken in quick succession, or if HD recording can be used.

8. Lighting a Subject
Use this space to explain about the
pop-up flash:
This form or artificial lighting is present
on most cameras, and uses the power
from the camera’s battery. If used on
auto, the flash can give off a harsh,
direct light.
Use this space to explain about a
studio light:
Flashguns work similarly to pop-up
flashes, but can be aimed and rotated.
They can also be used off-camera, on
an individual stand.
Flash guns are used when the ambient
light available isn’t easy to work with.
Use this space to explain how a light can be diffused. You can use images to
illustrate your points.
Studio light primarily take the form of strobe or continuous lights, Strobes are
very high powered and make a lot of light, however a continuous light creates
much less light.

9. Focal Length
Use this space to explain focal length. You can add additional instruction
images to illustrate your points.
Focal Length is is where there are two types of lenses. Zoom and prime. A zoom
lens has a variable focal length, whilst prime lens is fixed.
Prime lenses often are of better quality and have a higher maximum aperture
value meaning that there is a better quality.
Depending on what type of photography you are doing a zoom lens might be
crucial. If filming nature and wildlife, a prime lens would not be appropriate as
you would have to actually get up close to the subject to take the photo. If this is
an animal this would not work, however with a zoom lens you can zoom in from
a great distance and still get a successful image.
Different Type of Lenses:
• Wide angle lens (10mm – 42mm) – great for a wider view of the scene.
Crucial for certain landscapes and larger subjects.
• Standard lens (43mm – 80mm) – good for general snaps and subjects.
• Telephoto lens (85mm – 200mm) – great for portraits, products and
subjects at a distance.
• Long telephoto lens (200mm and above) – Great for subjects at a
distance such as wildlife, sports and journalism.

10. Use this space to
explain the influence
the setting has had on
the photograph.
Include the setting
used.
Use this space to
explain the influence
the setting has had on
the photograph.
Include the setting
used.
Use this space to
explain the influence
the setting has had on
the photograph.
Include the setting
used.

11. Filters
Use this space to explain what a
polarising filter is:
Polarising filters change the way
camera sees and treats light. It gives
much deeper blues for both water and
sky.
Use this space to explain what a
neutral density filter is:
Neutral Density (ND) filters are used to
cut down how much light enters
through the lens. This is particularly
useful when a photographer would like
a long shutter speed to capture motion.
Use this space to explain what a UV
filter is:
UV stands for Ultraviolet. UV filters
were traditionally used on older
cameras to cut back on UV light which
would continue to expose film after the
initial image had been taken.

12. Exposure
Use this space to explain what exposure is. You can add additional instruction
images to illustrate your points.
Exposure is how much light reaches photographic film or an electric image
sensor. The aim of exposure is to try and get a perfect image. If the image is too
dark, this is underexposed. When underexposed you will loose detail in the
shadows in the image. If the image is too light, this is overexposed. If
overexposed your image will loose detail in the highlights of the image. A neutral
image is what you want.
There are three settings on the camera you can use to alter the exposure, these
are aperture, shutter speed and ISO. All three of these have an effect on
exposure however they each have their own individual effect on the final image.

13. Aperture (AV mode)
Use this space to explain the setting. You can add additional instruction images
to illustrate your points.
Aperture is the name of the hole in the lens which controls the depth of field,
whilst simultaneously controlling how much light is allowed to expose the
sensor. You can control the aperture using aperture priority (AV) mode or
manual (M) mode using the mode dial.
Aperture sizes are known as f-numbers or f-stops. A lower f-stop such as f/5.6
means a bigger aperture opening which reduces the depth of field and lets more
light reach the sensor. A higher f-stop, such as f/16 means a smaller aperture
opening which increases the depth of field and reduces the amount of light that
reaches the film or image sensor.
The main purpose of using aperture-priority mode is to control the depth of field.
This is useful in landscape photography, where a small aperture us necessary if
objects in the foreground, middle ground and background all need to be
acceptably sharp.

14. Use this space to
explain the influence
the camera setting has
had on the photograph.
Include the setting
used.
Use this space to
explain the influence
the camera setting has
had on the photograph.
Include the setting
used.
Use this space to
explain the influence
the camera setting has
had on the photograph.
Include the setting
used.

15. Shutter Speed (TV mode)
Use this space to explain the setting. You can add additional instruction images
to illustrate your points.
Shutter speed is the amount of time the shutter is open for to allow light in.
Shutter priority mode (TV) lets you choose how long the shutter will be open.
The camera will adjust other settings to get the right exposure.
Examples of shutter speeds:
• 1/1000 s – FAST SHUTTER SPEEDS
• 1/500 s
• 1/250 s
• 1/125 s
• 1/60 s
• 1/30 s
• 1/15 s
• 1/8 s
• 1/4 s
• 1/2 s
• 1 s
• 5 s – SLOW SHUTTER SPEED
Shutter speeds are shown in fractions or parts of a second. The smaller the
number the faster the shutter opens and closes. Shutter speeds are measured
in fractions of seconds and then in whole seconds as exposures get longer.
Slower shutter speeds can be used to show movement in a photograph. When a
slower shutter speed is used, a longer time passes from the moment the shutter
opens in the moment it closes. This means that there is more time for movement
to be recorded by the camera.
Faster shutter speeds freeze movement in a photograph. When a fast shutter
speed is used, a shorter time passes from the moment the shutter opens until
the moment it closes.

16. This first image is on
1/1000. As you can see
on this high Shutter
Speed the moving
subject appears to be
still.
In this second image
the image was taken on
1/100. This level of
Shutter Speed shows
the movement of the
subject however you
can still see small
details.
The final image was
taken on 1/10. At this
level of Shutter Speed
the movement of the
subjects are very
dramatic and appear
very blurry in the
image.

17. ISO (Film Speed)
Use this space to explain the setting. You can add additional instruction images
to illustrate your points.
ISO is a setting on the camera that changes how sensitive an image sensor is to
light. ISO stands for International Standards Organisation relates to how
sensitive an image sensor is to light.
The ASA number would tell you how sensitive film is to light. ASA stands for
American Standards Authority.
The bigger the number the more sensitive or ‘faster’ the film or sensor is.
A ‘faster’ film or sensor needs less light to produce an image than a slow one.
When shooting in low light conditions without a tripod or other support such as a
flash, it may be that increasing the ISO speed or using a faster film will let you
get the image.
As ISO speeds increase, the chance of seeing ‘noise’ on your photographs also
increases. Image noise is the random variation of brightness of colour
information in images produced by the sensor of a digital camera. 00

18. Use this space to
explain the influence
the camera setting has
had on the photograph.
Include the setting
used.
Use this space to
explain the influence
the camera setting has
had on the photograph.
Include the setting
used.
Use this space to
explain the influence
the camera setting has
had on the photograph.
Include the setting
used.

19. White Balance
Use this space to explain the setting. You can add additional instructional
images to illustrate your points.
White balance setting on a camera help the camera to understand what white is.
The auto-white balance setting will work in most situations but sometimes you
may need or want to change the setting to adjust the colour in your photograph.
There are two different settings with white balance, cloudy and fluorescent light
setting. The cloudy setting is best in daylight as it will give your image a warmer
filter on it. However the fluorescent light setting in daylight will give your images
a green filter effect on it.

20. These are a few examples of what I have taken in college using different
settings of white balance. There is a dramatic difference in the image in
Tungsten. As you can see it is very blue compared to the other images. This
is because Tungsten is used on warm situations to add lots of blue into the
image. White Florescent Light setting is also slightly blue but not as intense
as Tungsten. Shade setting adds some warmth to the image as this setting is
used when situations are rather cool toned, and finally the daylight setting is
rather neutral.
TungstenDaylight
White Florescent LightShade

21. Flatbed Scanner
A scanner is a device that is used to scan
printed documents, images, pictures and
objects. The scanner often converts these
to a digital image which in result can be
opened and viewed using a device such as
a PC, tablet or mobile.
Advantages
• You can create high quality scans with
minimal imperfections.
• Capturing and transferring images is often
quite quick.
Disadvantages
• Most scanners can only scan up to A4.
• Scanners are large and not very portable.
Webcam
A webcam is a camera that is often used as
a method of videotelephony. Webcams can
also be used for surveillance, computer
vision, broadcasting and video making. They
can also be used for photography and time
lapses, using the computer as a device to
record multiple pictures over a period of time.
Advantages
• Webcams are cheap.
• Easy to use (plug in and use).
Disadvantages
• Because they are small they capture a low
quality image.
• Security Issues (hacking).
Mobile Phone
A mobile phone is a camera phone device
that has the ability to capture photographs
and video. Camera phones came about in the
early 2000’s and are simple in comparison to
digital cameras. They have fixed focal length
lenses and small sensors, which can impede
on their performance.
Advantages
• You can take them anywhere.
• Can share images to people instantly.
Disadvantages
• Due to lenses, phones are not as good as
DSLRs.
• Storage can quickly become an issue.

22. Original image
Photoshop Adjustments
Levels
(CTRL/CMD + L)
Dodging and Burning
(O)
Colour Adjustments
(CTRL/CMD + U)

23. Sharpening
(CTRL/CMD + ALT + SHIFT + F)
Filter: Glowing Edges
Monochrome
(CTRL/CMD + SHIFT + U)
Photoshop Adjustments
Cropping
(C)