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A
PRESENTATION
BY
ELEGBELEYE OLADIPO AYODAMOPE
&
CHARLES BAIDOO ESHUN
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND
THEIR EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
OUTLINE
• OBJECTIVE
• INTRODUCTION
• SOURCES, USES AND
PROPERTIES OF PAHs
• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROCESSES
• DEGRADATION OF PAHs
• CONCLUSION
The aim of this presentation is to review
contemporary information on PAH pollution,
PAH degradation, the fate and risk associated
with the presence of these compounds in the
environment and also to enlighten on some
well-known possible remediations.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely
distributed and relocated in the environment as a
result of the incomplete combustion of organic matter.
Many PAHs and their epoxides are highly toxic,
mutagenic and/or carcinogenic to microorganisms as
well as to higher systems including humans. Although
various physicochemical methods have been used to
remove these compounds from our environment, they
have many limitations.
WHAT ARE PAHs?
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are
hydrocarbons—organic compounds
containing only carbon and hydrogen—that
are composed of multiple aromatic rings
(organic rings in which the electrons are
delocalized)[1].
• They are a class of carcinogenic organic
molecules that consist of three or more
benzene rings and are commonly produced
by fossil fuel combustion.
PAHs are organic molecules that form from a
variety of natural and anthropogenic reactions.
Natural polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
form from forest fires and volcanic eruptions.
Man contributes PAHs by burning wood and
incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
The compounds are numerous in fossil fuels,
such as coal and petroleum.
Anthropogenic sources can be devised into two
categories: the combustion of materials for
energy supply (e.g. coal, oil, gas, wood, etc.) and
combustion for waste minimalization (e.g.
waste incineration) [1,2]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Although the emphasis is on avoiding exposure to PAHs, some
of these molecules are useful for making medicines, plastics,
dyes, and pesticides.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are lipophilic,
nonpolar molecules.
They tend to persist in the environment because
PAHs are not very soluble in water.
They are weakly volatile and dissolve weakly in
water.
All PAHs are solid at room temperature and have
high melting and boiling points.
The movement of PAHs in the environment
depends on properties such as how easily they
dissolve in water and how easily they evaporate in
the air.
Table 1. Properties of PAHs [4]
Mammals can absorb PAHs by various routes e.g.
inhalation, dermal contact and ingestion.
Plant can absorb PAHs from soils through their
roots and translocate them to other plant parts.
PAHs are moderately persistent in the
environment, and can bio-accumulate.
Table 2. Partition of PAHs in Natural Environments [3]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PAHs are usually released into the air, or they
evaporate into the air when they are released to
soil or water .
Since PAHs are generally insoluble in water, they
are generally found adsorbed on particulate and
precipitated in the bottom of lakes and rivers, or
solubilized in any oily matter which may
contaminate water.
PAHs have moderate to high acute toxicity to
aquatic life and birds.
Degradation of PAHs in the environment occurs
through biological, chemical and photochemical
processes.
These processes may also be utilized for
remedial purposes. However, the degradation
may result in a variety of transformation
products some of which could potentially
accumulate.
PAHs are released to the environment through
natural and synthetic sources with emissions largely
to the atmosphere. Synthetic sources provide a
much greater release volume than natural sources.
PAHs are transported from surface waters by
volatilization. In soil and sediments, microbial
metabolism is the major process for degradation of
PAHs. PAHs have a potential effect on the
environment,both directly and indirectly.
[1]. [Fetzer, J. C. (2000). "The Chemistry and Analysis of the Large Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons". Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (New York: Wiley) 27 (2): 143.
doi:10.1080/10406630701268255. ISBN 0-471-36354-5.
[2]. WILD S.R., JONES K.C. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
in the United Kingdom environment: a preliminary source
inventory and budget. Environm. Poll. 88, 91, 1995.
[3]. RAMDAHL T., ALFHEIM I., BJORSETH A. PAH emission from various
sources and their evolution over last decades. In "Mobile source emission
including polycyclic organic species". Eds. D. Rondia et al., D. Reidel
Publishing Company, 277, 1983.
[4]. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 8, No. 3 (1999), 131-136
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

  • 1. A PRESENTATION BY ELEGBELEYE OLADIPO AYODAMOPE & CHARLES BAIDOO ESHUN POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
  • 2. OUTLINE • OBJECTIVE • INTRODUCTION • SOURCES, USES AND PROPERTIES OF PAHs • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS • ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROCESSES • DEGRADATION OF PAHs • CONCLUSION
  • 3. The aim of this presentation is to review contemporary information on PAH pollution, PAH degradation, the fate and risk associated with the presence of these compounds in the environment and also to enlighten on some well-known possible remediations.
  • 4. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed and relocated in the environment as a result of the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Many PAHs and their epoxides are highly toxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic to microorganisms as well as to higher systems including humans. Although various physicochemical methods have been used to remove these compounds from our environment, they have many limitations.
  • 5. WHAT ARE PAHs? • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized)[1]. • They are a class of carcinogenic organic molecules that consist of three or more benzene rings and are commonly produced by fossil fuel combustion.
  • 6. PAHs are organic molecules that form from a variety of natural and anthropogenic reactions. Natural polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons form from forest fires and volcanic eruptions. Man contributes PAHs by burning wood and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. The compounds are numerous in fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum. Anthropogenic sources can be devised into two categories: the combustion of materials for energy supply (e.g. coal, oil, gas, wood, etc.) and combustion for waste minimalization (e.g. waste incineration) [1,2]
  • 8. Although the emphasis is on avoiding exposure to PAHs, some of these molecules are useful for making medicines, plastics, dyes, and pesticides.
  • 10. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are lipophilic, nonpolar molecules. They tend to persist in the environment because PAHs are not very soluble in water. They are weakly volatile and dissolve weakly in water. All PAHs are solid at room temperature and have high melting and boiling points. The movement of PAHs in the environment depends on properties such as how easily they dissolve in water and how easily they evaporate in the air.
  • 11. Table 1. Properties of PAHs [4]
  • 12. Mammals can absorb PAHs by various routes e.g. inhalation, dermal contact and ingestion. Plant can absorb PAHs from soils through their roots and translocate them to other plant parts. PAHs are moderately persistent in the environment, and can bio-accumulate.
  • 13. Table 2. Partition of PAHs in Natural Environments [3]
  • 15. PAHs are usually released into the air, or they evaporate into the air when they are released to soil or water . Since PAHs are generally insoluble in water, they are generally found adsorbed on particulate and precipitated in the bottom of lakes and rivers, or solubilized in any oily matter which may contaminate water. PAHs have moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic life and birds.
  • 16. Degradation of PAHs in the environment occurs through biological, chemical and photochemical processes. These processes may also be utilized for remedial purposes. However, the degradation may result in a variety of transformation products some of which could potentially accumulate.
  • 17. PAHs are released to the environment through natural and synthetic sources with emissions largely to the atmosphere. Synthetic sources provide a much greater release volume than natural sources. PAHs are transported from surface waters by volatilization. In soil and sediments, microbial metabolism is the major process for degradation of PAHs. PAHs have a potential effect on the environment,both directly and indirectly.
  • 18. [1]. [Fetzer, J. C. (2000). "The Chemistry and Analysis of the Large Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons". Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (New York: Wiley) 27 (2): 143. doi:10.1080/10406630701268255. ISBN 0-471-36354-5. [2]. WILD S.R., JONES K.C. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: a preliminary source inventory and budget. Environm. Poll. 88, 91, 1995. [3]. RAMDAHL T., ALFHEIM I., BJORSETH A. PAH emission from various sources and their evolution over last decades. In "Mobile source emission including polycyclic organic species". Eds. D. Rondia et al., D. Reidel Publishing Company, 277, 1983. [4]. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 8, No. 3 (1999), 131-136