Ofelia Omitogun

Omitogun, OG 2017. FAO AgricultlOmitogun, OG 2017. FAO Agricultl
Biotechnologies 23 Dec 2017Biotechnologies 23 Dec 2017
11
O. G. Omitogun, PhD
Professor, Department of Animal Sciences
Faculty of Agriculture
Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife
E-mail: aomitog@oauife.edu.ng or ogomitogun@hotmail.com
Case study on the application of
biotechnology in catfish and
tilapia in Nigeria
*Presented at the FAO Regional Meeting on Agricultural
Biotechnologiesi in Sustainable Food Systtems and Food Nutrition in
Sub-Saharan Africa November 22-24, 2017
African Union Conference Center Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

22
For Sub-Saharan Africa: largest fishing nation isFor Sub-Saharan Africa: largest fishing nation is
Morocco, followed by Egypt, Nigeria, SouthMorocco, followed by Egypt, Nigeria, South
Africa, NamibiaAfrica, Namibia
Until the mid-1990s production was relatively stableUntil the mid-1990s production was relatively stable
at around 50,000 to 100,000 tonnes, Egypt aloneat around 50,000 to 100,000 tonnes, Egypt alone
accounted for 82%, mostly tilapia; but developmentsaccounted for 82%, mostly tilapia; but developments
since then have shown that there is both room andsince then have shown that there is both room and
possibilities for growth especially in Egypt andpossibilities for growth especially in Egypt and
NigeriaNigeria
From 2000-2004 total aquaculture production ofFrom 2000-2004 total aquaculture production of
Africa only amounts to less than 500K tonnesAfrica only amounts to less than 500K tonnes
annually (or a little less than 1.0 per cent of the globalannually (or a little less than 1.0 per cent of the global
production).production).
Growth in particularly Egypt’s production hasGrowth in particularly Egypt’s production has
contributed to a five-fold increase in less than 10contributed to a five-fold increase in less than 10
years.years.

33
Country 1996 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05
Egypt 91 86 139 226 340 342 376 445 471 540
Nigeria 19.5 24 2 1 21 26 24 31 31 44 56
Uganda 02 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 2.3 4.9 5.5 5.5 10.8
Madagascar 5.0 8.6 4.5 5.8 7.3 7.8 9.7 9,5 8.7 8.5
South Africa 3.4 4.3 5.2 4.3 4.1 4.3 5.6 7.7 6.0 6.1
Tanzania 3.2 3.22 5.2 7,2 7.2 7.3 7.6 7.0 6.0 6.0
Others 14.3 14.5 16.4 19.7 22.9 25.4 28.6 25.7 27.7 28.8
TOTAL 136,8 140,9 191,5 285,5 408,1 414,3 463,4 531,3 569,5 656,3
Aquaculture production in Africa (000 tonnes)
(FAO, 2004)

44
Overall fishery sector for Nigeria:
The Nigerian Fishery Sector is characterized by a rich resource base,
comprising:
• Offshore waters between the 30 mile territorial limit and the 200 mile
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• Coastal waters adjacent to the country’s 853-km coastline, and a continental
shelf varying in width between 2 and 12 miles off the coast from the
western to the eastern
• The huge River Niger delta (1% of Nigeria’s surface area of 94,185,000 ha.
• Inland waters associated with the major rivers, Niger, Benue, etc., their
tributaries and flood plains
• 13 Natural lakes and wetlands , Reservoirs, impounded for various purposes
including irrigation, water supply and hydroelectricity power generation.
• Purpose-built ponds, mining paddocks and animal watering lots.
( all contributing 12.4% of total land area) .

55

BiodiversityBiodiversity
 Kainji Lake: 102 spp. (Ita et al, 1985) afterKainji Lake: 102 spp. (Ita et al, 1985) after
impoundment was reduced to 97impoundment was reduced to 97
 Jebba Lake: (52 spp) (Ita et al, 1985)Jebba Lake: (52 spp) (Ita et al, 1985)
 Rivers and lakes are richer in diversity , mostlyRivers and lakes are richer in diversity , mostly
fin fish and crustaceansfin fish and crustaceans
 Owena Lake: 14 fish spp. of 9 familiesOwena Lake: 14 fish spp. of 9 families
(Fapohunda and Goldstates, 2007.(Fapohunda and Goldstates, 2007.
 Lagos lagoons: shrimps: Penaeus sspLagos lagoons: shrimps: Penaeus ssp
 Generally lack of seasonal data makingGenerally lack of seasonal data making
conservation and management difficult; poorconservation and management difficult; poor
fisheries data collection to ascertain contributionfisheries data collection to ascertain contribution
to GDPto GDP Omitogun, OG 2017. FAO AgricultlOmitogun, OG 2017. FAO Agricultl
66

77

88

OG Omitogun AU/NEPAD/ABI 30 Nov. 09OG Omitogun AU/NEPAD/ABI 30 Nov. 09 99
AIFP of NSPFS (Federal Ministry ofAIFP of NSPFS (Federal Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development)Agriculture and Rural Development)
 Executed by FAO onExecuted by FAO on
behalf of Nigerianbehalf of Nigerian
government. A recentgovernment. A recent
survey in 2005:survey in 2005:
 937 lakes and reservoirs937 lakes and reservoirs
 2,542 fish farms2,542 fish farms
 215 feed mills215 feed mills
 77% of fish farms and77% of fish farms and
majority of feed mills aremajority of feed mills are
in the Southin the South
 Majority of the lakes are inMajority of the lakes are in
the Norththe North

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414
Overview of fisheries andOverview of fisheries and
aquaculture in Nigeriaaquaculture in Nigeria
During the past 20 years before 2010, fisheries hasDuring the past 20 years before 2010, fisheries has
been neglected, despite its 900 kms of coastlinebeen neglected, despite its 900 kms of coastline
and more than 14 M ha. of inland waters, theand more than 14 M ha. of inland waters, the
country can not meet the demand for fish due to:country can not meet the demand for fish due to:
 high costs in industrial fishinghigh costs in industrial fishing
 over fishing and dwindling fish stocks in coastalover fishing and dwindling fish stocks in coastal
waterswaters
 Neglect of government fisheries infrastructureNeglect of government fisheries infrastructure
(fish terminals, fish farms, etc.)(fish terminals, fish farms, etc.)
 Poor fisheries extension and neglect of inlandPoor fisheries extension and neglect of inland
water bodieswater bodies

1515

A B
C
1616
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Nigeria production increased steadily from 2010 -2015 : 817,900 to
1,027, 058 tonnes of fish in 2015. Catfishes topped other species with
with 122, 330 tonnes (tilapia contribution was 98,421) Source:
National Buureau of Statistics 2010-2015.
Other fish

1717
Nigeria Spends
N100bn on Fish
Importation
Annually
1. The estimated annual fish demand in the country was about 2.66 million as against the annual
domestic production of about 0.78 million, giving a demand-supply gap of about 1.8 million metric
tonnes, the country imported over 780,000 metric tonnes of frozen fish annually from Europe, Latin
America and Eastern countries.
2, The shortfall of fish supply in the country had led to a low annual per capita fish consumption
rate of only 7.5 kilogrammes as against 15 kilogrammes per annum as recommended by the Food
and Agriculture Organi-sation (FAO).
3. That increase in national fish production would not only diversify the country’s resources base,
that the potential yield of Nigerian aquaculture resources had been estimated at over 4.0 million
metric tonnes annually which could conveniently meet the national demand of 2.66 million metric
tonnes and generate considerable export earnings, provided adequate and effective policies were
put in place to drive the industry.

Furthermore:Furthermore:
 Nigeria is the most resourceful and vibrantNigeria is the most resourceful and vibrant
African nation in the aquaculture industry andAfrican nation in the aquaculture industry and
currently the leading producer of catfish incurrently the leading producer of catfish in
Africa., we are still far behind in our efforts atAfrica., we are still far behind in our efforts at
adding value to our aquaculture products,adding value to our aquaculture products,
thereby often leading to artificial glut, low valthereby often leading to artificial glut, low valueue
of non –exportable aquaculture products,.of non –exportable aquaculture products,.
 Develop guidelines and policiesDevelop guidelines and policies that wouldthat would
create favourable climate for more investmentcreate favourable climate for more investment
opportunities across the aquaculture valueopportunities across the aquaculture value
chain and at the same time provide safeguardschain and at the same time provide safeguards
against environmental and social risks.against environmental and social risks.
 Disclosing that an estimate of 10 millionDisclosing that an estimate of 10 million
Nigerians were actively engaged in theNigerians were actively engaged in the
upstream and downstream areas of fisheriesupstream and downstream areas of fisheries
operations, he contribution of the fisheriesoperations, he contribution of the fisheries
sub-sector to the nation’s economy wassub-sector to the nation’s economy was
significant, ranging fromsignificant, ranging from employment creationemployment creation
to the provision of raw materials for the animalto the provision of raw materials for the animal
feed industry.feed industry.
 The high volume of importationThe high volume of importation
constituted a huge drain in theconstituted a huge drain in the
nation’s foreign exchangenation’s foreign exchange
reserve while the pressure ofreserve while the pressure of
demand ondemand on the limited supplythe limited supply
translates to high prices of fishtranslates to high prices of fish
and its productsand its products in the country.in the country.
 The high cost of fish resultingThe high cost of fish resulting
from the scarcity could only befrom the scarcity could only be
reversedreversed if more people wentif more people went
into fish production throughinto fish production through
aquaculture,aquaculture, which hewhich he
maintained was the majormaintained was the major
avenue for increasing domesticavenue for increasing domestic
fish production in the countryfish production in the country
1818

Biotechnology applicationsBiotechnology applications
 TilapiaTilapia
Sex reversalSex reversal
MethyltestosteroneMethyltestosterone
Steroidogenic plants:Steroidogenic plants:
e.ge.g..Tribulus terrrestrisTribulus terrrestris
&& Rauwolfia vomitoriaRauwolfia vomitoria
Hybridization:Hybridization:
intraspecific, inter,intraspecific, inter,
intragenericintrageneric
GIFT Tilapia fromGIFT Tilapia from
Ghana and EgyptGhana and Egypt
Super YY from UKSuper YY from UK
Transgenic fish :Transgenic fish :
 CatfishCatfish
Genetic improvement inGenetic improvement in
Netherlands brought to theNetherlands brought to the
country as Hollandaiscountry as Hollandais
strainstrain
HybridizationHybridization C. gariepinusC. gariepinus
x Heterobranchus sppx Heterobranchus spp..
Marker-assisted selection:Marker-assisted selection:
OAU, FUNAAB, NIOMROAU, FUNAAB, NIOMR
Polyploidy: NIFFRIPolyploidy: NIFFRI
Cryopreservation, OAUCryopreservation, OAU
Products: NIOMRProducts: NIOMRcc 1919

The way forward: collaboration,The way forward: collaboration,
innovation platformsinnovation platforms
In Sub-SaharanIn Sub-Saharan
1. FAO: ARAC, AIFPP1. FAO: ARAC, AIFPP
2.WAAPP-World Bank2.WAAPP-World Bank
3.ECOWAS-3.ECOWAS- CapacityCapacity
BuildingBuilding
4. African Union-4. African Union-
NEPAD Fish for allNEPAD Fish for all
Initiative:Initiative: Action Plan forAction Plan for
Development of AfricanDevelopment of African
Fisheries and AquacultureFisheries and Aquaculture
In WEST Africa,In WEST Africa,
Egypt:Egypt:
GIFT-World FishGIFT-World Fish
CenterCenter
ACGG- AfricaACGG- Africa
Chicken Genetic Gain :Chicken Genetic Gain :
Nigeria, Tanzania,Nigeria, Tanzania,
KenyaKenya
BMGFBMGFOmitogun, OG 2017. FAO AgricultlOmitogun, OG 2017. FAO Agricultl
2020

Development of a GeneticDevelopment of a Genetic
Improvement Program ofImprovement Program of
Clarias (2007)Clarias (2007)
2121
The GIFT Project: World Fish
Center, Philippines, Egypt,
Ghana, etc.

2222

• Focus on the Full Value Chain mindful of the
Goal to Increase Fish Production
Raw materials
Nutrition
& Feeds
Genetics &
Breeding
Production
systems
Markets &
Consumers
Post Harvest
Technology
Management
systems
2323

2424
A looming threat to African aquaculture andA looming threat to African aquaculture and
fisheries: climate changefisheries: climate change ((World Fish Centre, UNEP,World Fish Centre, UNEP,
FAO to UNFCCC,2009)FAO to UNFCCC,2009)

2525
Thank you for
listening,
and my sincere
thanks to FAO, the
Organizers of this
Meeting.
ESE. /Merci.

2626

2727
Name of Project: African Chicken Genetic Gains (ACGG)
“
A platform for testing, and delivering improved tropically-adapted breeds (iTABs) for productivity growth
inscavenging chicken production systems”
Donor: International Livestock Research Institute (ILR) – Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
Principal Investigator (PI): Prof. E.B. Sonaiya
Department: Animal Sciences
Duration: 2015 – 2019
WOW factor: iTABs are superior to unselected local chickens by 300% bodyweight at
20 weeks and 200% egg production under on-station conditions.
Local relevance: 80% of rural farmers in Nigeria (i.e. 144 Million) keep scavenging poultry.
The iTABsin this project are deployed specifically for scavenging chicken.
How many people will be affected: This project directly affects 12,500 people in 5 states. Even if the
adoption rate nationally is by 10% of the rural chicken farmers, then 7.7 million
people will be affected.
Who are the beneficiaries: All actors within the scavenging chicken value chain: Farmers, breeder farms,
brooder farms, input suppliers, egg and chicken marketers.
Any planned follow up: Private sector breeder farms and hatcheries to supply day-old-chicks of the iTAB

Ofelia Omitogun

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