PHILPOL 2.pptx

OBJECTIVES:
Analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and
Governance
Q1 WEEK 7 OCT. 3-7, 2022

Discover
PRE - COLONIAL PERIOD
A long time ago, the Philippines was already home to native settlers. The
Negritos, the Indonesians, and the Malays race of origin, they were believed to
be the first migrant tribes to reach the country. The Pre-colonial period of the
Philippines had a rich political landscape consisting of polities. In
strengthening 7 societies was to make alliances and networks rather than
territorial conquest in expanding their political power. Trades and commerce
prospered as described and documented in other countries whose early
traders rich the Philippines. But also, Barrow (2011) described that the early
political and social life of Filipino was so weak. He said that there were in the
Philippines no large states, nor even great rajas and sultans such as were
found in the Malay Archipelago, but instead on every island were a multitude
of small communities, each independent of the other and frequently waging
war. Example of small communities were the Chiefdoms of P’u-tuan(Butuan),
Ma-i (Mindoro), Sulu, Maguindanao, Cebu, and etc.

When the Spaniards arrived in the country, they
learned the presence of chieftains (Hari, Datu, or
Sultan) in every polity they encounter. They
realized that they need to persuade and build
collaboration later with these chieftains. These
small communities are called and organized as
Barangay (Balangay) and Sultanate, which with
about thirty to one hundred families.

Why is it necessary for the Spaniards to establish good terms with the
Chieftains or Sultans? It was because during their time, what they observed
as power connected to the position/role of a chieftain or Sultan in a polity
was so great. For example, the chieftain is the one responsible in decision
making covering all aspects (social, cultural, spiritual, and political) that
affects their community life. The responsibility of decision making means it
covers the power of Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary (discussed at a later
part). He is helped, of course, by community elders and cultural/religious
leaders/Masters. The presence of a community head or leader signifies the
existence of a law. There was then a written or an oral Law followed
obediently. Examples of these were the Maragtas Code by Datu Sumaktel of
Panay (1250), the Code of Kalantiaw in 1433, Kor an, and the Sunnah.
Women, in the polities of the early Filipinos, must not also be belittled. In the
early times, remember that political engagement was more on alliance rather
than conquest. And, among the popular strategies employed were
intermarriages, food trades, and ritual feasting where women are actively
participating as expected by their customs and traditions.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH - Is the branch of the
government that executes Laws.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH - Is the branch of
the government that creates Laws.
JUDICIARY BRANCH - Is the branch of the
government that interprets the Laws
including its penalties if it was obstructed or
disobeyed.

SPANISH PERIOD
During the Spanish period, the three branches
of government are still identifiable. There were
also two units of government employed the
Central Government and the Local
Government (Balleno, 2016). Most importantly
to know, the Philippines was under the
sovereign power of the King of Spain- who
solely has the authority to appoint his
representative (Governor-General).

Governor – General
 Appointed by the King of Spain as his representative in the colony
and with following executive powers;
1. Commander-in-chief of the armed forces in the colony
2. It is the highest Authority in who can appoint the colonial officials
and reserves the power to remove them except those appointed
directly by the king
3. Vice – royal patron or king’s representative with power to:
recommend priest, declare war or peace, and appoint or receive
ambassadors.
4. Administrator of the Marianas, the Carolines and the Palaus as
part of the Philippines during the Spanish times
5. Chief justice/ President of the Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court

Royal Audencia (Supreme Court)
Stands as the Supreme Court of the
Philippines during the Spanish times. Its
decision was final except on cases of great
importance which could be appeal to the King
of Spain.

Province, Cities, Towns, Barrios &
Pueblo
The Alcadia (Province where people
recognized Spain’s possession over
the land) and
Coregimiento (Province where people
had not succumbed to Spain’s ruling
power).

The growth of the Philippines as a colony of Spain, from the
time of the first Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
in 1569 up to the time before the 1986 revolutions, is not
commendable for Spaniards. Because for what 1986
Filipino uprising is all about if Filipinos were contented as
the colony of Spain in general.
From 1568 - 1815, Manila - Acapulco galleon trade makes
the Philippine (as a colony of Spain) the regional center of
trade in Southeast Asia Goods such as spices from the
Moluccas, pepper from Ceylon, ivory from China, and India
are transported going to Mexico. While the Philippines
exports gold, wax, cordage, and cotton textiles. But it was
never an advantage on the part of Filipinos

 Polo y Servicio - Filipinos works in the shipyards
forcibly. They cut and transport timber to the coast and
construction of the galleons, but they receive less than
the Spanish Sailors. These the reason why Pampanga
revolt in 1660.
Encomienda - It is a policy of reward for performing
crown servants of Spain in a colony like the Philippines.
It is taking over a portion of land and its population for
purposes of tribute, census, and workers.
Bandala - The provincial commodity quota. Filipinos
are obligated to produce the quota of goods but paid at a
very low price.

THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
On August 30, 1896, Spanish Governor-General Ramon Blanco
placed the eight provinces of Philippines under martial law, namely
Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and
Nueva Ecija. It was because of the uprising of hundreds of rebels and
Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio aiming for independence started
at the Cry of Pugad Lawin. Following Bonifacio's death in 1897, the
Katipunan was headed by Emilio Aguinaldo. Since then was a
continuous state of war between the Filipinos and Spaniards. How
did the war end? The answer is Pack of the Biak – na – Bato on
December 15, 1897. It was a truce that brings Aguinaldo's exile in
Hong Kong. However, in 1889, war broke out between the United
States of America and Spain. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines
together with the Americans signaling the resumption of Revolution
against Spain on May 19, 1898.

THE AMERICAN PERIOD and THE FIRST PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
On August 13, 1889, the Mock Battle of Manila between
America and Spanish forces happened. Emphasizing that
it is a mock battle because the engagement already been
planned to licensed America in their occupation to the
country. It was a fact that in the Treaty of Paris, America
paid $20,000,000 to Spain in exchange for the
Philippines. Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine
independence at Cawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898(known
as the Philippine provisionary government).

By January 4, 1899, American President McKinley sends a special message to
General Otis stating American sovereignty must be recognized in the
Philippines without conditions. However, Filipinos longed for independence so
much that they fear for other colonizers to invade again.
Declaration of war between the Philippines and America happened. During
those days, the revolutionary government was drafting the Malolos
Constitution until the inauguration of the Republic on January 23, 1899.
Agoncillo commented that the Malolos constitution is the first important
Filipino document ever produced by the people's representatives. It creates a
Filipino state that its government is popular, representative, and responsible.
It also has three distinct branches - the executive, the legislative, and the
judiciary. Don Emilio Aguinaldo elected as the first President of the Republic of
the Philippines with all his cabinets and secretaries (bureaucracy). However,
Aguinaldo was defeated and captured eventually in Palanan, Cagayan. He
remained President of the Philippine First Republic until June of 1901.

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
The Military Government ( headed by a general, serving as a chief
political executive of an area under military government) was a
temporary government established by the Americans in the Philippines
at first. It was until replaced with the Taft Commission -started
organizing local governments. But since there were still places
unpacified after Aguinaldo's capture, some areas were placed under
Military Governor. On the other hand, Pacified areas were under the
control of Civil Governors.
The time came when the U.S Congress enacted the Philippine Organic
Act, which abolished the Office of the military governor but created the
Philippine assembly composed of elected Filipino leaders. And the Taft
Commission in the Philippine Commission became the upper house.
The Organic Act served as the Philippine basic law until it was replaced
by the 1935 Constitution.

THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC
November 15, 1935, was the inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth
Government. America promised the Philippines liberation only if they are
ready. It all started with the Jones Law of 1916. And then the Tydings -
McDuffie Act followed. There were missions deployed to the U.S. to lobby for
independence. The Constitution of the Commonwealth established a
presidential system of Government. A unicameral legislature but was then
replaced with the bicameral legislature in 1940.
As the Filipinos were hoping for independence, the second world war broke
out on December 8, 1941. The aggressive Japanese tried to invade the
Philippines. That prompted President Manuel L. Quezon with his Cabinet left
for the United States. While the President was on exile, the commonwealth
government functioned to represent the country continually outside the
country. But the Philippines back home was one step closer to its defeat when
the Japanese capture Corregidor, Bataan, and the USAFFE defense collapse
on April 3, 1942.

During the war, some Filipino elite leaders collaborated
extensively with the Japanese in their harsh exploitation of the
country. But it was then claimed as advised of President Quezon
before his exile. The First President of the Second Republic, Dr.
Jose P. Laurel, regretted becoming one of them.
While the Japanese thought of winning the war, Filipino
organized into groups called guerillas and once again join forces
with the Americans. The largest guerilla group formed was
called the HUKBALAHAP (People's Anti-Japanese Army) led by
Luis Taruc.
Philippines and the Americans were victorious. The World War II
ended. However, unexpectedly the Americans disarmed and
imprisoned Luis Taruc and other leaders and members of the
Huk

THE THIRD, FOURTH, & FIFTH REPUBLIC
July 4, 1946, is the day of the inauguration of the
Third Philippine Republic. Hence from 1946 to 1962,
they celebrate Independence Day on that date. But in
1964, Congress assigned June 12 of every year as the
date on which we celebrate Philippine Independence.
That was to commemorate June 12, 1898, the
Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit,
Cavite. But July 4 was remembered as Republic Day.

Third Republic of the Philippines Problems & Issues Actions
1. The Roxas Administration ( May28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
- He was elected as the third President of the Philippine Commonwealth, First
President of the Independent Republic of the Philippines and the fifth president
of the
Facing the aftermath of war
Severe damages in all aspect of human condition
Reorganized the government
- Established the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (reorganized as the
Development Bank of the Philippines I
*Creation of the Department of the Foreign Affairs
Central Bank of the Philippines

2. The Quirino Administration (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)
Low confidence in the government (insurgency) and problems on
Peace and Order due to socio – economic problems specially in rural
areas(labor disputes)
Established the Action Committee on Social Amelioration
Established the Social Security Study Commission
Established the Labor Management Advisory Board
Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration
Started the peace negotiation to persuade HUKBALAHAP leaders by
granting amnesty
EDCOR (Economic Development Corps)
LASEDECO (Land Settlement & Development Corporation

3. The Magsaysay Administration (December 30, 1953 – March 17,
1957)
Communism & insurgency (HUKBALAHAP)
Land Reform Problems
Lack of funding for rehabilitation from damages of WWII
Agricultural Tenancy Act of the Philippines
The Land Reform Act of 1955
Court of Agrarian Relations
National Resettlement & Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA)
Manila Pact of 1954 that led to
the establishment of the (SEATO)
Luis Taruk surrender in 1954
The Laurel- Langley Agreement

4. The Garcia Administration (March 18, 1957 – December
30, 1961)
Not good condition of economy
Curruption in Government
Imbalance condition of product imports and export
“Filipino First Policy”
“Austerity Program”
Anti Graft Corrupt Practices Act
Bohlen – Serrano Agreement of 1959

5. The Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961 – December 30,
1965
• Low living standards of the masses
• Lack of economic stability
• Unemployment
• Devaluation of the Philippine Peso
• Revocation of 350 midnight appointments
Agricultural Land Reform Code (n act establishing the Land Bank of
the Philippines)
Emergency Employment Administration (established the Philippine
Veterans Bank)
National Cottage Industries Development Authority
Philippine National Railway
Lifted Foreign exchange to promote national economic stability and
growth

6. The Marcos Administration (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)
a. Became the First President of the Fourth Republic and the tenth President of the
Philippines
b. He is the longest serving President
Unemployment
Destabilized Economy
Rampant Corruption in the Government and abuse of authority and power
Reorganizes the government and the Armed Forces, the Philippine Constabulary,
the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and
the Bureau of Customs
Devised construction programs and irrigation projects
Establishment of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (1969)
Investments Incentive Act
Police Act
Philippine Coast Guard

Fourth Republic of the Philippines
2. The Corazon C. Aquino Administration
a. Second President of the Fourth Republic
b. First President of the Fifth Republic
Political Turmoil
Displeased citizens
Shortage/Rampant Brownouts
Commissioned a referendum that would be the framework
of the new government (1987 Constitution)
Privatization
Land Reform
Free Secondary Schooling

Fifth Republic of the Philippines
President Fidel V. Ramos
a. 2nd President of the Fifth Republic
Poverty
Moro insurgency
Social Reform Agenda
Build – Operate Transport
MNLF peace Agreement

Fifth Republic of the Philippines
Joseph E. Estrada
a. 3rd President of the Fifth Republic
b. Was impeached in November 12, 2000
Poverty
Moro Insurgency
Impeachment
MILF All Out War
ERAP Para sa Mahirap
Anti-Graft and Corruption Campaign

Note: The 1987 Constitution was put into full force
Gloria M. Arroyo
c. 4th President of the Fifth Republic
d. The constitution allows the president to ran for a second term since was
sworn into office by succession and
served in less than4 years.
Political unrest
Terrorism
Ellectoral fraud scandal
Charter Change controversial Plan
Recession
All out Peace
Declared Martial Law in the region of Mindoro

Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III
e. 5th President of the Fifth Republic
national leadership’s legitimacy was in question;
confused people with half-truths and outright lies
no lasting solutions for the many problems of the country
weak democratic institutions that hold our leaders accountable
no vision of governance beyond political survival and self-enrichment. Political instability,
corruption, inefficient government bureaucracy and weak rule of law characterized the state of
governance when he became president (Philippine development plan 2011-2016, chapter
Pantawid pamilyang pilipino program (4ps)
Universal philhealth coverage (financial risk protection)
Enhanced basic education (k-12 program)
Comprehensive agrarian reform program
Housing program for informal settler families in danger areas
Matuwid na daan
Kung walang kurap walang mahirap
Transformational leadership

Test I. True or False.
1. Filipinos have no political structure before the
Spanish colonization.
2. Chieftains like Datu or Raha, exercises great control
over its territory.
3. Chieftains are the same as gobernadorcillos.
4. Is our current government under the 4th Republic.
5. President Manuel L. Quezon is the Commonwealth
Government First President.

Test II. Guess Who/What. Guess your answers based on the
given description on each number.
1. It is role of this government branch to ensure that the laws
are implemented or followed.
2. The period where our country is under the power of
Americans.
3. It is a place or province in the Philippines that does not
adhere to the Spanish ruling power?
4. It is a law implemented in the Philippines whereby the
Filipinos are forced to work during the Spanish occupation.
5. He is the known as the Spanish Governor to implement
Martial Law to subdue revolts in the country during his time.

ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 2
1. F 1. Executive Branch
2. T 2. American Period
3. F 3. Coregimiento
4. F 4. Polo Y Servicio
5. T 5. Gov. Gen Ramon Blanco

OBJECTIVES:
Analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and
Governance
Q1 WEEK 8 OCT. 10-14, 2022

Executive Power
Executive power is roughly defined as the power to
implement laws in one country. If the legislature’s
task is to create or make laws while the judiciary’s
duty is to interpret or apply these laws, the
executive branch of the government is vested the
power to execute these laws and make sure that
they are properly implemented.
The structure, organization, powers,
responsibilities, and prohibitions of the executive
branch are provided under Article VII of the 1987
Constitution. Section 1 states that the “executive
power is vested in the President of the Philippines.”

Given this, the president is entrusted to execute laws,
and control and administer government affairs. The
president is also regarded as the government’s chief
executive officer. The President of the Republic of the
Philippines is both the head of government and head of
state. This means that he or she holds both
governmental and ceremonial powers.

Public Official Qualification/
Manner of Election/Term of Office

PRESIDENT
1. A natural-born citizen
2. A registered voter
3. Able to read and write
4. At least 40 years of age on the day of the election
5. A resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years
immediately preceding his or her election (Section 2)
The president and vice president shall be elected by a
direct vote of the people (Section 4) The person having the
highest number of votes (plurality method) shall be elected.
Six years The term begins at noon on June 30. The
president shall not be eligible for reelection (Section 4,
paragraph 1).

VICE PRESIDENT
1. A natural-born citizen
2. A registered voter
3. Able to read and write
4. At least 40 years of age on the day of the election
5. A resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years
immediately preceding his or her election (Section 2) The
president and vice president shall be elected by a direct vote of
the people (Section 4) The person having the highest number
of votes (plurality method) shall be elected. Six years The
vice president shall not serve for more than two successive
terms (Section 4, paragraph 1

Should there be any questions pertaining to the election, the
Supreme Court shall be the one to settle questions about the
election, returns, and qualifications of these officials. As provided
by Article VII, Section 4: “the Supreme Court, sitting en banc, is the
sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and
qualifications of the President or Vice President.” The Supreme
Court serves therefore as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal
The presidential election is held on the second Monday of May,
unless otherwise provided by law. In case of a tie, the candidate
who will win will be chosen by the vote of a majority of Congress
(both Senate and House of Representatives), voting separately.
There are, however, instances when the position of president or vice
president will be vacated. This is an issue of presidential succession
and the constitution also has provisions regarding such
circumstances

Powers of the President
The Philippine president is granted specific powers by the
Constitution. The following are some of his or her powers:
Control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices
Power of general supervision over local governments and
autonomous regions
Power to nominate, appoint, and remove officials
Budgetary and fiscal power
Military power (him or her being the commander in chief of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines)
Power to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the
country
Pardoning power
Powers to check other branches of the government

Here are the ways on how the president’s exercise of power is checked.
The Congress specifies the conditions and restrictions of certain powers
it assigns to the president.
Only through the authorization and specifications of Congress could the
president exercise power of taxation.
The Congress can request the department heads under the executive
department to appear and be heard on any matters pertaining to their
corresponding departments.
The Congress can override the president's veto by two-thirds vote in
each house.
The Supreme Court may declare executive orders and proclamations
unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court may review the declaration of martial law and
suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.

Philippine Presidents
during the
Contemporary Period
(Fifth Republic)

Corazon C. Aquino
President Corazon Aquino has been regarded as an
icon of Philippine democracy. It was during her
term that the Philippines found its way back to
democracy and constitutionalism.
Her leadership directed redemocratization in the
Philippines, that is, rebuilding of democratic
political institutions that were abolished during
Marcos’s time. It was under her administration that
elections and other mechanisms for popular
participation in governmental affairs—including
political parties and the civil society—were restored.
Definitely, her administration focused on the
transition from authoritarianism to democracy.
Apart from these, constitutionalism was also
restored, wherein civilian authority was held
supreme over the military and the independent and
coequal branches of the government were created.

While Aquino’s government was characterized by bargaining and
compromise, there were important legislations that were passed such as
the Local Government Code of 1991 (discussed in module 9). She also
dealt with the issues and charges of human rights violations by the
military during the Martial Law. Aquino, however, was not able to
prosecute the involved military leaders because she needed their support
for administration to succeed. Still, her administration was disrupted by
about seven coup attempts—an average of one per year. That definitely is
politically unstable.
Aquino’s presidency was not without criticisms. While she vowed to work
on corruption and transparency, her administration would later on be
criticized for its failure to deliver basic services and allegations of
corruption among her wealthy and influential relatives.
The current constitution is a product of President Corazon Aquino’s
administration.

President Fidel Ramos is known for his
vision of Philippines 2000. His
administration opened the Philippine
economy to foreign investors, prompting
increased investments in the country
after Martial Law.
He consolidated the gains of
redemocratization, whose foundations
were laid by Aquino. Among his ideals
was the Philippines 2000, which focused
on political continuity and strong
improvements in the economy. While
skepticism about a possible declaration of
martial law grew during his time, he
respected constitutionalism when he
stepped down from the presidency for the
1998 general elections.

Ramos dealt well with the members of the Philippine
legislature through the rainbow coalition strategy directed
by then Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr. This strategy brought
together various political parties to support the legislative
agenda of the president. Because of this harmonious
relationship, significant legislations were passed through
the Legislative Executive Development Advisory Council.
But Ramos’s ability to deal well with the members of the
Congress is not only attributed to the strong political
leadership of the Lakas-NUCD, but also to his strong
political skills, which he was able to develop as a former
military general.

However, just like his predecessor, Ramos was seen to be weak in
prosecuting military rebels. While Ramos was credited for keeping the
military within their constitutional limit, his inability to punish military
personnel who violated human rights exhibited his dependence on this
group as well. It was also in his administration that the Rebolusyonaryong
Alyansang Makabansa–Soldiers of the Filipino People–Young Officers’
Union (RAM-SFP-YOU), and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
returned to the folds of law through peace talks. Regarding bureaucratic
reforms, Ramos continued modernization and capacity-building in the
government. He also modernized the Armed Forces, the Commission on
Elections, the Department of Justice, and the Sandiganbayan. To address
the problems on peace and order, Ramos forged negotiations and peace
agreements with rebel groups.

Ramos pursued international relations with the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC), and the United Nations (UN). His
administration was criticized for corruption, despite his efforts to
promote transparency and accountability in the government. He
was accused of corruption in the PEAAMARI scam for favoring
the said group in the Manila Bay reclamation deal, misuse of
funds in the Centennial Expo, and the conversion of the parts of
the military base in Fort Bonifacio to private or civilian use.

Joseph E. Estrada
Joseph Estrada was a former movie star. He
became known for his charisma and appeal
to the masses. But because of plunder and
corruption in the government, he was
deposed and was succeeded by his vice
president.
Estrada was known as the president of the
masses. His campaign battlecry “Erap para
sa mahirap” brought hope to the masa
(lower class people) who saw him as the
president who could relate to them. At the
core of his government policies was
addressing the problems Respect for the
constitution is an important attribute of a
president.

The Basics of Political Science and Philippine Politics 85 of poverty,
criminality, and corruption. He wanted to further democratize governance
by being a roving president—holding offices in Visayas and in Mindanao.
Aside from continuing the democratic consolidation, Estrada gave cause for
constitutionalism when he answered questions against his administration
during the impeachment complaint he faced in 2000.
Unlike the previous president, Estrada did not have a good rapport with the
members of the 11th Congress. Later on, the House of Representatives,
through Speaker Manuel Villar, obtained the required signatures for
Estrada’s impeachment. Estrada also pleased and displeased members of
the military after suspending the modernization of the Armed Forces and
cutting its financial resources. He defended the move by saying that the
government had to tighten its budget. It was also during Estrada’s
administration when a total war against the Muslim terrorists and
secessionist groups was launched. Nonetheless, he prioritized reforms in
the law enforcement agencies and the judicial system to bring about peace
and order.

Just like his predecessor who vowed to fight graft and
corruption, Estrada failed to address this systemic
problem. In fact, his administration was rocked with
issues of diversion of funds and plunder. Ultimately,
he was charged of four counts of corruption. He was
eventually deposed in 2001 when the Filipino people
called for his resignation in the EDSA People Power II.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
A former member of the Congress,
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
rose to power in the EDSA People
Power II when she, as vice
president, assumed the country’s
top governmental post after Estrada
was ousted. In 2004, she was
elected for a fresh presidential
term, where she served until 2010,
amidst issues of massive electoral
fraud against Fernando Poe Jr. Her
primary agenda was known as the
Strong Republic.

Credited for bringing the trust of the international arena back
to the Philippine government, Arroyo continued democratic
consolidation during the term of Estrada. Legislative–executive
relations were definitely excellent during the time of Arroyo
because unlike her predecessor, While the president is the head
of state and one of the most powerful persons in the country,
there is no individual more powerful than a united people who
want to create societal change. 86 Philippine Politics and
Governance she was more familiar and skillful in dealing with
the members of the Congress. While impeachment complaints
were attempted due to the issue of massive electoral fraud
during the 2004 elections—infamously known as the “Hello
Garci” scandal— it did not prosper as she was supported by her
allies in the Congress.

Learning from the past experiences of the previous presidents and the
Oakwood Mutiny that challenged her administration, she appointed several
retired military officers in her administration while keeping a close watch
over the military’s needs so as not to disappoint them.
In spite of bureaucratic reform during her administration, Arroyo was
criticized for appointing political allies to vital governmental offices. There
also was a weak reform in the justice system, the Commission on
Elections, and the Bureau of Internal Revenue. While she declared to fight
graft and corruption in her first State of the Nation Address (SONA),
introduced several key strategies, and even established new anticorruption
agencies during her administration (following the onset of the Fertilizer
Scam and the NBN-ZTE scandal), questions about the effectiveness of
these policies and institutions were raised. Arroyo faced graft and
corruption cases filed against her during the administration of President
Benigno S. Aquino III.

Benigno S. Aquino III
Benigno S. Aquino III’s rise to power started when the
people called for him to run as president months
after his mother, former President Corazon Aquino,
died in 2009. In 2010, he won the presidential
election and became the 15th president of the
country. Aquino began his efforts to get rid of a
corruption-laden government via the campaign
slogan “Daang Matuwid.” His SONA focused on
governance reform and anticorruption.
Good governance reforms were established, including
the reformation of procurement and budgeting
processes to ensure efficiency and to reduce
opportunities for corruption. While others believe that
the impeachment of the late Chief Justice Renato
Corona in 2011 was politically motivated him being
an Arroyo appointee, the Aquino administration
believed it was part of the reform for accountability
and restoration of integrity.

The Aquino administration’s efforts to address systemic corruption
have received favorable commendations from both international and
local organizations, which resulted in the improvement of the
country’s performance on corruption and political stability. However,
the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) scam rocked the
administration’s efforts toward “Daang Matuwid” and its promise of
good governance, greater transparency, and accountability.
In 2012, the Philippines experienced one of its highest economic
growth rates. The first quarter GDP of 2013 was at 7.8%, up from
6.8% in 2012 and 3.6% in 2011. Fitch Ratings, Standard and Poor’s,
and Japan Credit Rating Agency have also rated the Philippines at
the investment grade level. Similarly, the World Economic Forum
ranked the Philippines 65th in the Global Competitiveness Index, up
from 85th in 2010.

As in the previous administrations, Aquino was challenged by the
search for an enduring solution to the peace problem in the
country. In October 2012, the government and the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF) signed a peace agreement. The agreement
served as the framework agreement that would create an
autonomous political entity called Bangsamoro, which will replace
the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The bill,
called the Bangsamoro Basic Law, that would have established this
political entity was not passed because it was met with strong
public opposition after the Mamasapano incident in Maguindanao,
where 44 PNP Special Action Force commandos were killed after a
“misencounter” with the Moro rebels.

Aquino’s administration also saw a reform in the education
sector after the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 was
signed. The law institutionalized the K to 12 Basic Education
Program, an expanded curriculum which aimed to decongest
the previous basic education program, and make it at par with
regional and international standards. Despite the aims of All
presidents experience challenges in their leadership. Most of
these are longtime challenges that are rooted in the injustices
and wrong decisions committed by leaders in the past. 88
Philippine Politics and Governance the reform, several groups
pointed out that the government should have addressed first
the lack of classrooms, textbooks, and other resources instead
of adding two years in the basic education.

Finally, the Aquino administration has also been very
outspoken in defending the country’s sovereignty and
territorial integrity in the West Philippine Sea, after China’s
claims in sovereign rights. In January 2013, the government
11
initiated arbitral proceedings under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea. Ultimately, on 12 July 2016,
the Philippines won the arbitration case against China over the
West Philippine Sea after the United Nations Arbitral Tribunal
ruled China’s “nine-dash line” claim invalid.
All presidents experience challenges in their leadership. Most of
these are longtime challenges that are rooted in the injustices
and wrong decisions committed by leaders in the past.

Rodrigo R. Duterte
Before being elected as president,
Rodrigo Duterte was the longest-
serving mayor of Davao City for a
total of seven terms. Running with
the campaign slogan “Change is
Coming”—primarily with a platform
of having a corruption-free
government and crime and drug-
free society—Duterte won as
president with a total of 16, 601,
997 votes or 39% of the total votes
cast in the May 2016 elections.

In his promise to stamp out corruption and criminality, he
said: “I will be strict. I will be a dictator, no doubt it; but only
against forces of evil—criminality, drugs, and corruption in
government.” Having successfully rallied the campaign under
these themes, Duterte, however, has been criticized for the
absence of a coherent socioeconomic policy during this
period. Known for his inflammatory comments, he has also
long been besieged by allegations of ties to death squads,
extrajudicial killings, and human rights violations.
Based on the eight-point economic agenda of Duterte
released on 12 May 2016, the administration is set to
continue the previous administration’s policies

Target plans: (During his tenure)
*1.Continue and maintain the current macroeconomic policies.
Reforms in tax revenue collection efforts will be complemented by reforms
within the bureaucracy of tax collecting agencies.
2. Accelerate spending on infrastructure by addressing major bottlenecks,
and maintain the target of setting aside 5% of the country’s gross domestic
product (GDP) to infrastructure spending.
3. Ensure attractiveness of the Philippines to foreign investors, and
enhancing competitiveness in doing business in the country. This also means
reducing crime to attract investors, and increase security of businessmen and
consumers.
4. Provide support services to small farmers to increase productivity and
improve market access. Provide irrigation and better support services to
farmers. Promote tourism in the rural areas.
5. Address bottlenecks in our land administration and management system.
6. Strengthen basic education system, and provide scholarships for tertiary
education, which are relevant to private employers’ needs.

 7. Improve tax system by indexing tax collection to inflation
rate, “to enable those who earn a little to have more in their
pockets.”
8. Expand and improve implementation of the conditional
cash transfer (CCT) program.
In his first SONA delivered at the opening of the 17th
Congress, Duterte focused as well on his campaigns for good
governance, peace and order, women’s rights, and
transparency. Moreover, the president has been very vocal
about the administration’s war against drugs despite having
been heavily criticized for the killings associated with his
campaign.

Activity 1. Identify.
___________________1. The president who was able to
win the election garnering 39% of the total votes?
___________________2. The President that made a
reform in education and signed the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013 institutionalizing the K-12
Program?
___________________3. The government that was
characterized as bargaining and compromised?
___________________4. He was known to be the
President of the masses?
___________________5. The President that rose to power
due to the so-called EDSA II?

Activity 2. True or False. Write T if the statement provides a correct
information, write F if otherwise. Put your answer on the line provided before
the number.
___1. The Congress specifies the conditions and restrictions of certain powers it
assigns to the Senate.
___2. Only through the authorization and specifications of Congress could the
president exercise power of taxation.
___3. The Congress can request the department heads under the executive
department to appear and be heard on any matters pertaining to their
corresponding departments.
___4. The Congress can override the president's veto by two-thirds vote in each
house.
___5. The Supreme Court may declare executive orders and proclamations
unconstitutional.

1. RODRIGO DUTERTE 1. F
2. BENIGNO AQUINO 2. T
3. CORAZON AQUINO 3. T
4. JOSEPH ESTRADA 4. T
5. GLORIAARROYO 5. T

OBJECTIVES:
Analyze the roles and powers
of the executive branch of the
government.
Q1 WEEK 9 OCT. 17-21, 2022

Executive Branch of Government
The executive departments of the Philippines are the largest component of the
executive branch of the government of the Philippines. These departments comprise
the largest part of the country's bureaucracy. The secretaries of these departments
are referred to as the Cabinet of the Philippines—these two however, are not
synonymous to each other since some members of the Cabinet does not have their
own respective departments.
Under the mandate of the 1973 Constitution during the presidency of Ferdinand
Marcos, executive departments were converted into ministries from 1978 until the end
of his administration. For example, the Department of Education became the Ministry
of Education, Culture and Sports. Twenty-one departments have been established
since then. Discover
Article VII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution vests executive power on the President
of the Philippines. The President is the Head of State and Head of Government, and
functions as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the 5 Philippines. As
chief executive, the President exercises control over all the executive departments,
bureaus, and offices.

The President of the Philippines
The President of the Philippines is elected by direct vote by the people for
a term of six years. He may only serve for one term, and is ineligible for
reelection. The term of the President of the Philippines starts at noon of
the 30th day of June after the election.
QUALIFICATIONS
The qualifications for an individual aspiring to become the President of
the Philippines are outlined in Article VII, Section 2 of the 1987
Constitution. According to the constitution, an individual may become
President provided he meets the following criteria:
1. natural born Filipino;
2. a registered voter;
3. must be able to read and write;
4. 40 years of age at the day of the election; and
5. must have resided in the Philippines ten years before the election is
held.

History
The President of the Philippines is elected by direct vote of the
people, and has a term of six years with no provision for
reelection.
There have been 15 Presidents of the Philippines from the
establishment of the office on January 23, 1899, in the
Malolos Republic. President Emilio Aguinaldo is the inaugural
holder of the office and held the position until March 23,
1901, when he was captured by the Americans during the
Philippine-American War.
The Office of the President of the Philippines was abolished
after the capture of Aguinaldo, and ceased to exist until the
inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935.

After the first national elections were held on September 16,
1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the second President of
the Philippines and the first President of the Philippine
Commonwealth. Originally elected to a six-year term, President
Quezon would stay in office until 1944, because the 1935
Constitution was amended in 1940 to allow reelection, but
shortened the term of the President to four years. Quezon was
elected again in 1941—however, due to constitutional
limitations, he would have not served the full four years—his
term started on November 15, 1935, and thus would end on
November 15, 1943. In 1943, however, President Quezon had
to take an emergency oath of office, extending his term,
because of the outbreak of World War II.

When World War II forced the Philippine Commonwealth into exile, a
different government would be installed in the Philippines, which would
later to be known as the Second Republic of the Philippines. Jose P. Laurel
would lead this government as the third President of the Philippines and
the only President of the Second 6
Republic. Laurel stayed in office from 1943 to 1944 when the Second
Republic was abolished. At this point, the President of the Second Republic
would overlap with the President of the Commonwealth. On September 17,
1945, however, the laws of the Second Republic were declared null and void
by the Supreme.
The Philippine Commonwealth would be reestablished in Philippine soil in
1945 with President Sergio Osmeña as the second President of the
Commonwealth and the fourth President of the Philippines. Osmeña took
his oath of office in the United States after the demise of President Quezon.
Osmeña would run in the first post-war presidential elections held in 1946,
but lose to Senate President Manuel Roxas.

President Roxas was elected in 1946 as the third President of the
Philippine Commonwealth, first President of the independent Republic of
the Philippines, and the fifth President of the Philippines. He would usher
in the end of the Philippine Commonwealth on July 4, 1946, and the birth
of the Third Republic. Roxas would be followed by Presidents Elpidio
Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, and Diosdado Macapagal as
the second, third, fourth, and fifth President of the Third Republic and the
sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth President of the Philippines, respectively.
President Ferdinand E. Marcos became the last President of the Third
Republic when he declared martial law in 1972, while the 1973
Constitution suspended the 1935 Constitution, he only formally proclaims
the “New Republic”—the Fourth—in 1981. Marcos became the first
President of the Fourth Republic and the tenth President of the
Philippines overall. Marcos stayed in office for 20 years—the longest
serving President of the Philippines.

In 1986, the EDSA Revolution successfully installed Corazon C. Aquino
as the new President of the Philippines—the 11th in the country’s
history. President Aquino served as the second and last President of the
Fourth Republic at the beginning of her term. A transitional, Freedom
Constitution was put into effect in the same year. When the 1987
Constitution was put into full force and effect, the Fourth Republic was
ended and the Fifth Republic inaugurated. Thus, President Aquino
became the first President of the Fifth Republic. She would be followed
by Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo, and Benigno S. Aquino III as the second, third,
fourth, and fifth President of the Fifth Republic and 12th, 13th, 14th and
15th President of the Philippines, respectively.
The current President, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, is the sixth President of the
Fifth Republic and the 16th President of the Philippines.

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
1Besides the constitution, the powers of the President of the
Philippines are specifically outlined in Executive Order No. 292,
s. 1987, otherwise known as the Administrative Code of 1987.
The following powers are:
1. Power of control over the executive branch
The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control over
all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. This
includes restructuring, reconfiguring, and appointments of
their respective officials. The Administrative Code 7
also provides for the President to be responsible for the
abovementioned offices’ strict implementation of laws.

2. Power ordinance power
The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive
issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an
administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue.
They are the following as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:
Executive orders — Acts of the President providing for rules of a general or
permanent character in implementation or execution of constitutional or
statutory powers shall be promulgated in executive orders.
Administrative orders — Acts of the President which relate to particular
aspects of governmental operations in pursuance of his duties as the
administrative head shall be promulgated in administrative orders.
Proclamations — Acts of the President fixing a date or declaring a status
or condition of public moment or interest, upon the existence of which the
operation of a specific law or regulation is made to depend, shall be
promulgated in proclamations which shall have the force of an executive
order.

Memorandum orders — Acts of the President on matters of
administrative detail, or of subordinate or temporary interest
which only concern a particular officer or government office
shall be embodied in memorandum orders.
Memorandum circulars — Acts of the President on matters
relating to internal administration, which the President desires
to bring to the attention of all or some of the departments,
agencies, bureaus, or offices of the government, for information
or compliance, shall be embodied in memorandum circulars.
General or special orders — Acts and commands of the
President in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines shall be issued as general or special
orders.

It is important to note that during the term of President
Ferdinand E. Marcos, he used executive issuances known as
presidential decrees as a form of legislation. These decrees
have the full force and effect of laws because at the time the
legislature did not exist and, when the 1973 Constitution was
put into full force and effect, it gave the power to the President
to do as such. This continued until the first year of President
Corazon C. Aquino’s term. However, President Aquino opted to
used executive orders instead of presidential decrees. President
Aquino’s executive orders, however, still had the full force and
effect of laws until the ratification of the 1987 Constitution.

3. Power over aliens
The President of the Philippines has certain powers over non-Filipinos in the
Philippines. The powers he may exercise over foreigners in the country are
as follows:
The chief executive may have an alien in the Philippines deported from
the country after due process.
The President may change the status of a foreigner, as prescribed by law,
from a non-immigrant status to a permanent resident status without
necessity of visa.
The President may choose to overrule the Board of Commissioners of the
Bureau of Immigration before their decision becomes final and executory
(after 30 days of the issuance of the decision). The Board of Commissioners
of the Bureau of Immigration has jurisdiction over all deportation cases.
The president is also mandated by the Administrative Code of 1987 to
exercise powers as recognized by the generally accepted principles of
international law.

4. Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation and
recovery of ill-gotten wealth
The President of the Philippines has the authority to exercise the
power of eminent domain. The power of eminent domains means
the state has the power to seize or authorize the seizure of
private property for public use with just compensation. There are
two constitutional provisions, however, that limit the exercise of
such power: Article III, Section 9 (1) of the Constitution provides
that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or
property without due process of law. Furthermore, Article III,
Section 9 (2), provides that private property shall not be taken
for public use without just compensation.

Once the aforementioned conditions are met, the President
may exercise the power of eminent domain which are as
follows:
Power of eminent domain — The President shall determine
when it is necessary or advantageous to exercise the power
of eminent domain in behalf of the national government,
and direct the solicitor general, whenever he deems the
action advisable, to institute expropriation proceedings in
the proper court.
Power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings — The
President shall direct the solicitor general to institute
escheat or reversion proceedings over all lands transferred
or assigned to persons disqualified under the constitution to
acquire land.

Power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the
government —
(1) The president shall have the power to reserve for settlement or
public use, and for specific public purposes, any of the lands of the
public domain, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law. The
reserved land shall thereafter remain subject to the specific public
purpose indicated until otherwise provided by law or proclamation.
(2) He shall also have the power to reserve from sale or other
disposition and for specific public uses or purposes, any land
belonging to the private domain of the government, or any of the friar
lands, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law, and thereafter
such land shall be used for the purposes specified by such
proclamation until otherwise provided by law.

Power over ill-gotten wealth — The President shall direct the solicitor
general to institute proceedings to recover properties unlawfully acquired
by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or
transferees.
Within the period fixed in, or any extension thereof authorized by, the
constitution, the President shall have the authority to recover ill-gotten
properties amassed by the leaders and supporters of the previous regime,
and protect the interest of the people through orders of sequestration or
freezing of assets or accounts.
5. Power of appointment
The President may appoint officials of the Philippine government as
provided by the constitution and laws of the Philippines. Some of these
appointments, however, may need the approval of the Committee on
Appointments (a committee composed of members from the House of
Representatives and the Senate of the Philippines).

6. Power of general supervision over local governments
The President of the Philippines, as chief executive, has the
mandate to supervise local governments in the Philippines,
despite their autonomous status as provided by Republic Act No.
7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991.
Traditionally, this is done by the Department of the Interior and
Local Government, headed by a cabinet secretary—an alter ego
of the President.
7. Other powers
Aside from the aforementioned powers of the President of the
Philippines, he can also exercise powers enumerated in the
constitution, and powers given to him by law.

Line of Succession
The constitution provides for a line of succession in the event
that the elected President of the Philippines is not able to
discharge the duties of his office due to death, disability, or
resignation. The following is the line of succession:
1. Vice President — in cases of the death, disability, or
resignation of the President
2. Senate President — in cases of the death, disability, or
resignation of the President and Vice President
3. Speaker of the House of Representatives — in cases of the
death, disability, or resignation of the President, Vice President,
and Senate President

Contrary to popular belief, the constitution doesn’t include the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the President’s line of
succession.
The Congress of the Philippines is mandated enact a law
calling for a special election three days after the vacancy in
the Office of the President and Vice President. The 10
special election should occur 40 days after the enactment of
the law, but not later than 60 days after the enactment of the
law.

VICE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
The Vice President of the Philippines is elected by
direct vote by the people for a term of six years, and
may run for reelection once. The term of the Vice
President of the Philippines starts at noon of the 30th
day of June after a regular election is held.
QUALIFICATIONS
The qualifications for aspirants to the Office of the Vice
President is outlined in Article VII, Section 3.
According to the constitution, the qualifications for the
President is the same for the Vice President.

HISTORY
The Vice President of the Philippines is elected via a direct vote of the people for a
term of six years, with a possibility of reelection. According to the constitution, the
vice president may take on a cabinet portfolio in concurrent capacity, if the
President chooses.
The first constitution of the Philippines, the Malolos Constitution, did not provide
for a Vice President of the Philippines. It only had provisions for a president and a
prime minister. The first legal basis for the existence of the office came in 1935
upon the inauguration of the Commonwealth government.
There have been 12 people who have held the Office of the Vice President from its
establishment in 1935. Vice President Sergio Osmeña is the inaugural holder of
the position, and served until 1944. He first took his oath after the 1935 elections
under the Philippine Commonwealth, and once again, after being reelected again
in 1941, before the Philippine government went into exile. His third oath taking
happened in the United States when the terms the officials of the Philippine
government-in-exile expired and were extended.

The Philippines’ second vice president was elected in 1946
under the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Vice President
Elpidio Quirino was elected under the Commonwealth
government, but transitioned into the Third Republic on July 4,
1946. Quirino was followed by Fernando Lopez, Carlos P.
Garcia, and Emmanuel Pelaez. Fernando Lopez would once
again be elected in 1965 when he ran with Ferdinand Marcos.
Lopez was elected for two terms until the abolition of the Office
of the Vice President on September 23, 1972, when martial law
was declared.

The original 1973 Constitution did not provide for a vice president of the
Philippines. The position remained abolished until constitutional
amendments were made in 1978. The position was filled in 1986 by Arturo
Tolentino, the running mate of President Ferdinand Marcos during the
1986 Snap Elections. On February 15, 1986, the Batasang Pambansa
certified the COMELEC results, proclaiming the Marcos-Tolentino ticket as
winners of the election. Arturo Tolentino took his oath as Vice President on
February 16, 1986; his term lasted days before the EDSA Revolution
installed new leadership.
When the 1987 Constitution was ratified, the position of Vice President of
the Philippines would remain with Salvador Laurel Jr. as its inaugural
holder. Since the institution of the 1987 Constitution, the Fifth Republic
has had six vice presidents with five being elected (Laurel, Joseph Ejercito
Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Noli De Castro, and Jejomar Binay),
and one being appointed and confirmed by Congress (Teofisto Guingona
Jr.).

DUTIES OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
According to the constitution, the vice president may
concurrently assume a cabinet position should the President of
the Philippines offer the former one. The vice president will
become a secretary concurrent to the position of vice president.
Aside from the cabinet post, the vice president is mandated to
assume the presidency in case of the death, disability, or
resignation of the incumbent President.
LINE OF SUCCESSION
Should there be a vacancy of the Office of the Vice President,
the President of the Philippines is required by the constitution
to nominate a replacement with the concurrence of Committee
on Appointments.

CABINET SECRETARIES
FUNCTIONS OF A CABINET SECRETARY
Cabinet secretaries act as the alter ego of the President executing, with his
authority, the power of the Office of the President in their respective
departments.
The number of cabinet secretaries varies from time to time depending on
the need of an administration. According to the Administrative Code of
1987, the President of the Philippines may create or dissolve any
department as he sees fit. 12
APPOINTMENT OF CABINET SECRETARIES
According to the Article 7, Section 16, the President may appoint anyone to
executive departments with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments. Names of individuals nominated to cabinet posts are
submitted to the Commission on Appointments for their consideration

An individual may not assume his post in a given department unless
confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. However, the constitution
provides for individuals becoming cabinet secretaries in an acting capacity
before they are confirmed. According to Article VII, Section 16 of the
constitution, the president may appoint anyone to cabinet posts even if
Congress is in recess. These appointments are valid until the Commission
on Appointments disapproves them, or at the end of the next session of
Congress.
Not all cabinet members, however, are subject to confirmation of the
Commission on Appointments. According to the Commission of
Appointments website, the following need confirmation in order to assume
their posts:
1. Executive Secretary
2. Secretary of Agrarian Reform
3. Secretary of Agriculture
4. Secretary of Budget and Management
5. Secretary of Education

6. Secretary of Energy
7. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources
8. Secretary of Finance
9. Secretary of Foreign Affairs
10. Secretary of Health
11. Secretary of Justice
12. Secretary of Labor and Employment
13. Secretary of National Defense
14. Secretary of Public Works and Highways
15. Secretary of Science and Technology
16. Secretary of Social Welfare and Development
17. Secretary of the Interior and Local Government
18. Secretary of Trade and Industry
19. Secretary of Transportation and Communications
20. Secretary of Tourism
21. Commission on Higher Education
22. Director General of the National Economic and Development Authority

POWERS OF A CABINET SECRETARY
As stated above, a cabinet secretary is the alter ego of
the President in their respective departments. Thus,
they posses the power to issue directives relative to
their departments, such as department orders. These
orders only apply to offices under a specific department
under the cabinet secretary’s jurisdiction. Cabinet
secretaries also act as advisors to the President of the
Philippines for their areas.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
The executive branch extends beyond the national government.
According to Article X, Section 4 of the constitution, the President of the
Philippines is mandated to supervise local governments all over the
country. However, because of Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known
as the Local Government Code of 1991, local governments enjoy relative
autonomy from the national government.
Among the social services and facilities that local government should
provide, as stipulated in Section 17 of the Local Government Code, are
the following:
facilities and research services for agriculture and fishery activities,
which include seedling nurseries, demonstration farms, and irrigation
systems;
health services, which include access to primary health care, maternal
and child care, and medicines, medical supplies and equipment;

 social welfare services, which include programs and projects for women,
children, elderly, and persons with disabilities, as well as vagrants, beggars, street
children, juvenile delinquents, and victims of drug abuse;
information services, which include job placement information systems and a
public library;
a solid waste disposal system or environmental management system;
municipal/city/provincial buildings, cultural centers, public parks,
playgrounds, and sports facilities and equipment;
infrastructure facilities such as roads, bridges, school buildings, health clinics,
fish ports, water supply systems, seawalls, dikes, drainage and sewerage, and
traffic signals and road signs;
public markets, slaughterhouses, and other local enterprises;
public cemetery;
tourism facilities and other tourist attractions; and
sites for police and fire stations and substations and municipal jail.
Local government units also have the power to create its own sources of revenue
and to levy taxes, fees, and charges that shall accrue exclusively to them.

Each local government has its own chief executive.
The following is the list of local chief executives:
1. barangay — punong barangay (barangay
chairman)
2. municipality — municipal mayor
3. city — city mayor
4. province — provincial governor
The local chief executives have the power to approve
or veto local ordinances recommended by the local
legislators.

Punong barangay
The punong barangay, as the chief executive of the barangay
government, shall exercise and perform the following powers
and functions:
1. enforce all laws and ordinances which are applicable within
the barangay;
2. negotiate, enter into, and sign contracts for and in behalf of
the barangay, upon authorization of the Sangguniang
Barangay;
3. maintain public order in the barangay;
4. call and preside over the sessions of the Sangguniang
Barangay and the Barangay Assembly;
5. appoint or replace the barangay treasurer, the barangay
secretary, and other appointive barangay officials;

6. organize and lead an emergency group for the maintenance of peace and
order or on occasions of emergency or calamity within the barangay;
7. prepare the annual executive and supplemental budgets of the
barangay, in coordination with the Barangay Development Council;
8. approve vouchers relating to the disbursement of barangay funds;
9. enforce laws and regulations relating to pollution control and protection
of the environment;
10. administer the operation of the Katarungang Pambarangay;
11. exercise general supervision over the activities of the Sangguniang
Kabataan;
12. ensure the delivery of basic social services and access to facilities;
13. conduct an annual palarong barangay which shall feature traditional
sports and disciplines included in national and international games; and
14. promote the general welfare of the barangay.

Municipal and city mayors
The municipal mayor and city mayor, as the chief executive of the
municipal government and city government, respectively, shall
exercise and perform the following powers and functions:
1. Exercise general supervision and control over all programs,
projects, services, and activities of the municipal or city
government:
1. determine the guidelines of municipal policies and be responsible
to the Sangguniang Bayan or Panlungsod for the program of
government;
2. direct the formulation of the municipal or city development plan;
3. at the opening of the regular session of the Sangguniang Bayan
or Panlungsod, present the program of government and propose
policies and projects for consideration;

4. initiate and propose legislative measures to the Sangguniang Bayan or
Panlungsod;
5. represent the municipality or city in all its business transactions and sign on
its behalf all bonds, contracts, and obligations, upon authorization by the
Sangguniang Bayan;
6. carry out emergency measures as may be necessary during and in the
aftermath of man-made and natural disasters;
7. examine the books, records and other documents of all offices, officials, agents
or employees of the municipality or city;
8. visit component barangays of the municipality or city at least once every six
months;
9. solemnize marriages, any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding;
10. conduct a palarong bayan or panlungsod; and
11. submit to the provincial governor an annual report on the administration of
the municipality or city, and supplemental reports when unexpected events and
situations such as calamities arise.

2. Enforce all laws and ordinances, and implement all
approved policies, programs, projects, services and activities
of the municipality or city:
1. issue executive orders as are necessary for the proper
enforcement and execution of laws and ordinances;
2. call conventions, seminars or meetings of any elective and
appointive officials of the municipality or city;
3. formulate and implement the peace and order plan of the
municipality or city; and
4. call upon the appropriate law enforcement agencies to
suppress disorder, riot, lawless violence, rebellion or sedition
or to apprehend violators of the law.

3. Initiate and maximize the generation of resources and revenues, to be used for
the implementation of development plans, program objectives and priorities:
1. prepare and submit to the Sangguniang Bayan or Panlungsod for approval the
annual executive and supplemental budgets of the municipality or city;
2. ensure that all taxes and other revenues of the municipality or city are collected;
3. issue, suspend or revoke licenses and permits;
4. adopt measures to safeguard and conserve land, mineral, marine, forest, and
other resources of the municipality or city;
5. provide efficient and effective property and supply management in the
municipality or city; and protect the funds, credits, rights and other properties of
the municipality or city; and
6. institute or cause to be instituted administrative or judicial proceedings for
violation of ordinances in the collection of taxes, fees or charges, and for the
recovery of funds and property

4. Ensure the delivery of basic services and the
provision of adequate facilities as provided for
under Section 17 of the Local Government Code.

Provincial governors
The provincial governor, as the chief executive of the
provincial government, shall exercise and perform the
following powers and duties:
1. Exercise general supervision and control over all programs,
projects, services, and activities of the provincial government:
1. determine the guidelines of municipal policies and be
responsible to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan for the program
of government;
2. direct the formulation of the provincial development plan;

3. at the opening of the regular session of the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan, present the program of government and
propose policies and projects for consideration;
4. initiate and propose legislative measures to the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan;
5. represent the province in all its business transactions and
sign on its behalf all bonds, contracts, and obligations, upon
authorization by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan;
6. carry out emergency measures as may be necessary during
and in the aftermath of man-made and natural disasters;
7. examine the books, records and other documents of all
offices, officials, agents or employees of the province;

8. furnish copies of executive orders issued by him to the Office of the
President within 72 hours after their issuance;
9. visit component cities and municipalities at least once every six
months;
10. represent the province in inter-provincial or regional sports councils
or committees, and coordinate the efforts of component cities or
municipalities in the regional or national palaro or sports development
activities;
11. conduct an annual palarong panlalawigan; and
12. submit to the Office of the President an annual report on the
administration and development of the province, and supplemental
reports when unexpected events and situations such as calamities arise.

2. Enforce all laws and ordinances, and implement all approved
policies, programs, projects, services and activities of the
province:
1. issue executive orders as are necessary for the proper
enforcement and execution of laws and ordinances;
2. call conventions, seminars or meetings of any elective and
appointive officials of the province;
3. in coordination with the component cities and municipalities,
and the National Police Commission, formulate and implement
the peace and order plan of the province; and
4. call upon the appropriate law enforcement agencies to
suppress disorder, riot, lawless violence, rebellion or sedition or
to apprehend violators of the law.

3. Initiate and maximize the generation of resources and
revenues, to be used for the implementation of development
plans, program objectives and priorities:
1. prepare and submit to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan for
approval the annual executive and supplemental budgets of the
province;
2. ensure that all taxes and other revenues of the province are
collected;
3. issue, suspend or revoke licenses and permits;
4. adopt measures to safeguard and conserve land, mineral,
marine, forest, and other resources of the province;

5. provide efficient and effective property and supply management in the
province; and protect the funds, credits, rights and other properties of the
province; and
6. institute or cause to be instituted administrative or judicial
proceedings for violation of ordinances in the collection of taxes, fees or
charges, and for the recovery of funds and property.
4. Ensure the delivery of basic services and the provision of adequate
facilities as provided for under Section 17 of the Local Government Code.
TERM LIMITS
The offices of the abovementioned local chief executives are limited to
three consecutive three-year terms. Once they end their third term, they
may not run for reelection, but may run again once they let one term
pass.

Post Test
Directions: Read the sentences carefully and write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Who is in charge of the executive branch?
A. The Speaker of the House
B. The Prime Minister
C. The President
D. The Chief Justice
2. Who is the Commander in Chief of the military?
A. The President
B. The Vice-President
C. The Secretary of Defense
D. The Attorney General

3. If both the President and the Vice President can no longer
serve, who becomes President?
A. President of the Senate
B. Speaker of the House
C. Governor of the most populous state
D. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
4. Who vetoes bills?
A. The President
B. The Vice President
C. The Senate
D. The House of Representatives
D. Negotiates treaties with foreign

Gauge
5. What does the President’s Cabinet do?
A. Advises the president
B. Selects the Vice President
C. Runs the government
D. Negotiates treaties with foreign
6. How old do citizens have to be to vote for President?
A. Thirty-five (35) or older
B. Sixteen (16) or older
C. Twenty-one (21) or older
D. Eighteen (18) or older

7. Who signs bills to become laws?
A. The Chief Justice
B. The Vice President
C. The Secretary of State
D. The President
8. Which article in the Constitution deals with the
Executive Branch?
A. I
B. II
C. IV
D. VII

9. What does the executive branch do?
A. Elect the president
B. Enforces laws
C. Make the laws
D. Count votes
10. What role gives the President the ability to rule as
head of all the branches of the military?
A. Chief of State
B. Chief of Citizen
C. Chief Diplomat
D. Commander in Chief

ACTIVITY2: True or False
Directions: Identify whether the following statements is
TRUE or FALSE. Write your answer in a separate sheet
of paper.
1. The executive branch is only the president.
2. The 15 department heads are all part of the
president's cabinet.
3. The president's cabinet is a group of people who
guard the president.
4. Each government department has a leader called a
Secretary.
5. Government agencies only make rules, they can't
enforce them.

6. Some parts of the executive branch are businesses the
government owns.
7. Enforcing laws can include educating the public,
catching law breakers, and taking people to court.
8. The president has total control over independent
agencies.
9. Most of the work of the executive branch is done by the
President.
10. When congress passes a law, the law includes every
detail about how it must be carried out.

1. C 1. TRUE
2. A 2. TRUE
3. B 3. FALSE
4. A 4. FALSE
5. A 5. FALSE
6. D 6. TRUE
7. D 7. TRUE
8. D 8. FALSE
9. B 9. FALSE
10. D 10. FALSE

PHILPOL 2.pptx

PHILPOL 2.pptx

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