The document discusses the history of continents and countries. 300 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea existed, which later broke apart into pieces that became the continents. While geological processes divided the land, humans further divided the continents by establishing national boundaries and creating independent countries as well as dependent territories. There are currently around 195 countries globally that vary significantly in size, from very large countries like Russia to very small countries like San Marino. The document then provides some examples of interesting country facts, such as Vatican City being the smallest country that fits within a city, and Papua New Guinea having the most languages spoken.

2. Pangaea
300 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea dominated
our planet.
200 million years later, Pangaea broke into pieces called
continents.

3. AMERICA
AFRICA
EUROPE
ASIA
OCEANIA
ANTARCTIC
There are
six
continents.

4. However,
geological
processes were
not the only ones
that divided our
planet.
Also, the human
being divided each
continent into
nations.

5. The human being
demarcated lands and
created *boundaries
giving birth to
different nationalities,
cultures,
governments, rules,
laws and also,
economic and political
differences.
They created
countries.

6. What is a country?
A country is an area of land under
the rule of a single government.

7. RUSSIA
There are very vast
countries as Russia,
which is the biggest
country in the world.
Other countries are
very small like San
Marino.
Most of the countries
are independent as
United States and
others are
dependencies, which
means, they are ruled
by other countries.
Some countries *join
up to form a single
nation and others
break into smaller
nations.

8. How many countries are
there in the world?
It is difficult to answer
this question, because
there are dozens of
territories and colonies
that may become
countries.

9. For example,
South Sudan
is the newest
country in the
world.
It was founded
in 2011.

10. However,
according to
the U.S.
Department of
State, there
are 195
countries in
the World.

11. Which is the oldest
country in the World?
It is San Marino, a small country
located inside Italy. It was
founded in 301, on 3 September.

12. It’s Saudi
Arabia!
*Desalination plants
*Underground reservoirs
Which is the country
with no rivers?
It is Saudi Arabia!
Most of their fresh water
comes from *Desalination
plants and *undergroung
resevoirs.

13. Which country
can’t join FIFA?
It is Greenland!
According to FIFA, the
weather and the lack of
grass make Greenland
unsuitable to play soccer.
Soccer fields are not green enough…
Poor guys!

14. Which country
fits inside a
city?
It is Vatican City!
It was declared an
independent
country in 1929.
St. Peter’s Square

15. The Pope is
in charge of
this country.
He is the
«president».
The Swiss
guard is in
charge of
its security.

16. The St. Peter’s
Basilica
The museums
The Vatican
Gardens
If you want to visit this country, you
do not need a passport, but money
to buy a ticket.
Ticket
You can
visit:

17. Which is the country with most
languages spoken?
Over 820
languages are
spoken in Papua
New Guinea. They
correspond just to
the 12 % of the
world’s total!

19. Flags are the symbols or
*badges of nations.
They can be seen flying from
buildings or boats.

20. The flag
of Kenya
has a
*shield
with
*spears.
The flag
of Lebanon has a cedar tree which
was plentiful in ancient times.
Flags
represent the
history of a
country or
something
that may be
very
important
there.
For example:

21. “The most beautiful flag in
the World”
The flag of Mexico
HOPE UNIT BLOOD
Because of its
colors and
what they
represent.

23. The flag of Fryslan
People in Fryslan may love
Chinese fortune cookies or
cute red hearts.
That is the only explanation
for the design of this flag…

24. The flag of Guam
It seems like
someone bought
a t-shirt from the
nearest souvenir
shop…
Awful!

25. The flag of
Libya
The green color
has a deep
significance for
*Muslims.
But, couldn’t they
think in more
colors?

26. The flag
of Benin
A naked man
decapitating
another one with
a *sword…
What a friendly
country!

27. AK-47???
The flag of
Mozambique
Good colors, nice design. It
is apparently a normal flag.
But wait! Is that an AK-47?
Another friendly country…

28. Thank you!
Andrea Stefania Ortega Silva
5th Semester
Listening & Speaking

29. *Badge (n.) /bædʒ/ a device or
emblem.
E.g. Flags are badges of nations.
*Underground reservoirs (n.)
A natural or artificial pond or lake
used for the storage and regulation of
water.
E.g. Underground reservoirs are used
in areas where there is no fresh
water.

30. *Boundary (n.) /ˈbaʊndərɪ/
Something that indicates a border or
limit.
E.g. Boundaries of China are very
extensive.
*Desalination plants (n.) Plants for the
extraction of fresh water from saltwater
by the removal of salts, usually by
distilling.
E.g. In Saudi Arabia, the fresh water is
produced using desalination plants.
*Join up (v.) /dʒɔɪn ʌp/ to unite
or connect.
E.g. Sometimes several countries
join up to form a single new
nation.

31. *Muslim (n.) /mʊzlɪm/ Person
who follows the Islamic religion.
E.g. Muslims believe in Ala.
*Shield (n.) /ʃild/ a broad piece of armor
made of metal which is carried in the hand for
protection against weapons.
E.g. Achilles used a shield in the Trojan War.
*Sword (n.) /sɔd/ a
cutting weapon made of iron.
E.g. In fairy tales, knights
used swords to kill dragons.