visual motor perception in Cerebral Palsy
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visual motor perception in Cerebral Palsy
- 1. Perceptual Motor Intervention In Cereberal Palsy Visual Motor Perception Shiva Janmohammadi, Msc Occupational Therapy, PhD Candidate of Neuroscience رر ررر ررررررر ررر ررررر
- 3. Visual Perception • Visual perception is the ability to see and interpret (analyze and give meaning to) the visual information that surrounds us 3shiva janmohammadi
- 4. History • Gibson (1966) :perception which is a 'bottom-up' theory, • Gregory (1970) :perception is a 'top- down' theory. 5shiva janmohammadi
- 5. History • The early 20th century by the German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler, who founded the school of Gestalt psychology 6shiva janmohammadi
- 6. Gestalt Theory • Gestalt means configuration or form. • The central idea of the Gestalt psychologists??? 7shiva janmohammadi
- 11. Figure Ground Discrimination 12shiva janmohammadi
- 12. Visual Perception In Development • At birth • By 3 month • By 5-6 months • Between 6 and 9 months • Between 9 months and 1 year • By 2 years • By 3 years 13shiva janmohammadi
- 15. Depth Perception • Depth is another key feature in determining the shape of an object 16shiva janmohammadi
- 16. Depth role • perception of object shape • surface segmentation • establishing the three-dimensional properties of a scene 17shiva janmohammadi
- 18. Ocular Dominance • eye preference or eyedness 19shiva janmohammadi
- 19. Ocular dominance • The integration of binocular input begins in the primary visual cortex, the first level at which individual neurons receive signals from both eyes. The balance of input from the two eyes, a property known as ocular dominance, varies among cells in V1 20shiva janmohammadi
- 20. Visual Perception Is Mediated by the Geniculostriate Pathway 21shiva janmohammadi
- 21. Eye Movement • Vergence & divergence eye movement • Conjugate eye movement: Saccadic eye movement Smooth pursuit eye movement • Optokinetic reflex • VOR 22shiva janmohammadi
- 23. Conjugate Eye Movement 24shiva janmohammadi
- 26. Optokinetic • The optokinetic response is a combination of a slow-phase and fast-phase eye movements. 27shiva janmohammadi
- 27. Vestibulo- ocular reflex • the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex, where activation of the vestibular system causes eye movement. This reflex functions to stabilize image on the retina. 28shiva janmohammadi
- 28. Ocular Motor Nuclei • Brainstem gaze center *Horizontal(PPRF) *Vertical(accessory oculomotor nuclei) 29shiva janmohammadi
- 30. Ocular Motor Nuclei • Vergence center 31shiva janmohammadi
- 32. Visual Processing Levels • Low level • Intermediate level • High order level 33shiva janmohammadi
- 34. The Primary Visual Pathway 35shiva janmohammadi
- 37. Superior Colliculus • superficial layers retina and the visual cortex. • intermediate layers FEF • Deep layer brain stem 38shiva janmohammadi
- 40. • Because of the input it receives from the retina and cortical eye fields and its output to the brainstem gaze centers, this structure undoubtedly plays a role as a visuomotor integration center especially concerned with reflex ocular movement 41shiva janmohammadi
- 41. Primary visual cortex • The primary visual cortex constitutes the first level of cortical processing of visual information • Ventral pathway • Dorsal pathway 42shiva janmohammadi
- 43. Venrtal & dorsal pathway • The pathways are interconnected so that information is shared. 44shiva janmohammadi
- 44. Venrtal & dorsal pathway • These feedback connections provide information about cognitive functions: • spatial attention • stimulus expectation • emotional content 45shiva janmohammadi
- 45. Dorsal pathway • The dorsal pathway courses through the parietal cortex, a region that uses visual information to direct the movement of the eyes and limbs, that is, for visuomotor integration 46shiva janmohammadi
- 46. ventral pathway • The inferior temporal cortex stores information about the shapes and identities of objects; one portion represents faces 47shiva janmohammadi
- 47. lateral intraparietal area • representing points in space that are the targets of eye movements or reaching 48shiva janmohammadi
- 48. MT(V5) • contains neurons with a strong selectivity for the direction of movement. • middle temporal area:in the analysis of motion. 49shiva janmohammadi
- 49. The Parietal Cortex Provides Visual Information to the Motor System • Vision interacts with the supplementary and pre motor systems to prepare the hands for action 51shiva janmohammadi
- 51. Visual motor perception four areas that analyze the visual world in ways appropriate for individual motor systems and project to areas of premotor cortex that control individual movements 53shiva janmohammadi
- 52. Visual motor perception • The neural operations behind visually guided movements : • identifying targets • specifying their qualities • generating a motor program 54shiva janmohammadi
- 55. Visual motor perception • Visual perception connection of volunteer attention and the programming and reprogramming ability of the organs that are responsible for motor activity. 57shiva janmohammadi
- 56. Visual motor perception • the efficacy of programming speed occurs while the tactile-perceptive information adjusts to the visual information, due to the integrity of cortical structures 58shiva janmohammadi
- 58. Visual Perception Impairment In CP • is defined as a neurological disorder caused b dysfunction of the retrochiasmatic visual pathways. 60shiva janmohammadi
- 59. VPI Cerebral damage : •the optic tract •lateral geniculate nucleus • optic radiations •calcarine cortex •visual associative area 61shiva janmohammadi
- 60. • visual discrimination of formand spatial relationships • figure ground discrimination • processing motion for efficient way 62shiva janmohammadi
- 61. • Children with visual perception deficiency show difficulties with wearing shoes, using clips, completing jig-saw puzzles, playing with toys and building blocks, color identification, and learning letters, all of which influence their daily living and general activities such as social participation 63shiva janmohammadi
Editor's Notes
- isual timing deficits in the dorsal stream, thereby improving processing speed, reading fluency, and the executive control functions of attention and working ...
- binocular vision is a type of vision in which an animal having two eyes is able to perceive a single three-dimensional image of its surroundingsThis can be disrupted by amblyopia (poor vision in one eye) or strabismus (misalignment of the eyes
- Stereopsis is detection of depth from disparity, meaning that the inputs to the two eyes vary even when they are directed to the same point in visual space. made possible by specialized cells in primary visual cortex grouped into ‘ocular dominance’ columns that receive inputs from the two eyes and register the amount of disparity between them
- An important cue for the perception ofdepth is the difference between the two eyes’ views of the world, which must be computed and reconciled by the brain
- is the tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other. It is somewhat analogous to the laterality of right- or left-handedness
- . It is seen when an individual follows a moving object with their eyes, which then moves out of the field of vision at which point their eye moves back to the position it was in when it first saw the object. The reflex develops at about 6 months of age in gaze stabilization responses during head rotation and translation.
- during head movement by producing eye movements in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field(s).
- medulla
- The pretectal area, or pretectum, is a midbrain structure composed of seven nuclei and comprises part of the subcortical visual system. Through reciprocal bilateral projections from the retina, it is involved primarily in mediating behavioral responses to acute changes in ambient light such as the pupillary light reflex, the optokinetic reflex, and temporary changes to the circadian rhythm.[1][2][3][4][5] In addition to the pretectum's role in the visual system, the anterior pretectal nucleus has been found to mediate somatosensory and nociceptive informatio
- The latter are responsible for reflex turning of the head and eyes in response to startling pain or auditory stimuli
- Reciprocity is an important feature of the connectivity between cortical areas. All connections between cortical areas are reciprocal.
- The pulvinar in the thalamus serves as a relay between cortical areas
- Orienting visual attention riority map to help guide the allocation of covert attention and eye movements (overt attention) axonal projections to the frontal eye field, When an attention-grabbing, but irrelevant, distracter stimulus appears while the animal is preparing a saccade directed elsewhere, the activity of LIP neurons closely tracks the short-lived shift of attention to the distracter and its subsequent return to the intended location of the saccade.
- , lesions of this area produce deficits in the ability to track moving objects. ells are tuned to the speed and direction of moving visual Lesion studies have also supported the role of MT in motion perception and eye movements.[46] Neuropsychological studies of a patient unable to see motion, seeing the world in a series of static 'frames' instead, suggested that V5 in the primate is homologous to MT in the human.
- and that what we see is this summed representation of the visual world
- The diagram shows the route taken by information travelling from the posterior parietal cortex to the pre-motor and supplmentary motor areas the control complex movements. The posterior parietal association cortex integrates visual and tactile space, i.e. the position of the limb as signalled by proprioceptors and by the visual system.
- Four functionally discrete areas inthe intraparietal sulcus project to areas in thepremotor cortex. The medial intraparietal cortex(MIP) represents targets of arm movements andprojects to the arm-control area of F2 in the dorsalpremotor area (PMd). The lateral intraparietal cortex(LIP) represents targets of eye movements andprojects to the frontal eye !eld (FEF). The anteriorintraparietal cortex (AIP) represents targets forgrasping and projects to the hand-control area ofF5 in the ventral premotor area (PMv). The ventralintraparietal cortex (VIP) represents the face andprojects to the face-control area of F4 in the ventralpremotor area.
- Neurons in the anterior intraparietal cortexrespond selectively to speci !c shapes. The neuron shownhere is selective for a rectangle, whether viewing the object orreaching for it. The neuron is not responsive to the cylinder ineither case. (Reproduced, with p
- areasand give rise to various disorders ranging from reduced visual acuity and visual field, oculomotor incoordination,and complex associative disorder, reffered as as visual perceptual impairment (VPI)