Theoretical and methodological aspects of focauldian critical discourse analysis and dispositive analysis
1. Theoretical and Methodological
Aspects of Focauldian Critical
Discourse Analysis and Dispositive
Critical Discourse Analysis
Analysis
GROUP I
Alfiani Safitri (0902534)
Fira Nursya‘bani (0906856)
Luciyana Dwiningrum (0902428)
Meyza Pritama (0902467)
Prita Annisa Utami (0902542)
Riestia Handayani (0902434)
t~a~g~o~n~i
2. Introduction
Foundations of discourse theory
- The concept of discourse
- Aims of critical discourse analysis
- Discourse and reality
- Discourse and power
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
3. • What is valid knowledge at a certain place and certain time?
• How does this knowledge arise and how it is passed on?
• What functions does it have for constituting subjects?
• What consequences does it have for the overall shaping and
development of society?
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
4. Aims of critical discourse analysis
Questioning and criticizing discourse in two ways:
- CDA reveals the contradictions within and between discourse
- CD Analyst needs to be clear about the fact that the critique is
not situated outside discourse which can invoke values, norms,
constitution and so on
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5. Discourses and power
Power of discourse
Power over discourse
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6. from Discourse to
Dispositive
Discursive Practices
Non-Discursive Practices Dispositive
Materialization
The interplay...
...human beings assign meanings to reality
...people learn the conventions of assigned meanings through language,
which helps to interpret reality in the way it has previously been
interpreted by others
...consciousness reflects reality
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -FIRA
7. from Discourse to
Dispositive has as its major function at a
...dispositive `a sort of formation which
given historical moment that of responding to an urgent need.`
(Foucault)
...discourses as `practices that systematically form the objects of which
they speak` (Foucault)
...materialization of work are part of reality
...If the discourse change, the object does not only change its meaning,
it turns into different object. It loses previous identity.
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -FIRA
8. Methods for analysing discourse and
dispositives
•Methods of CDA is one of linguistic concepts
•Linguistic concepts fill only one slot in the ‘toolbox’ of discourse analysis
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
9. The structure of discourse
• Special discourses and interdiscourse
Special discourses are discourses in the sciences, while
interdiscourse refers to all non-scientific discourses
• Discourse strands
- discourse strands are flows of discourse that centre on a common topic
- the concept of discourse strands is similar to the one of discourses
- every discourse strand has a diachronic and synchronic dimension
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
10. The structure of discourse (cont…)
• Discursive limits and techniques for extending them or
narrowing them down
- discursive limits is the borders to what is not sayable
- it can be extended or narrowed down
• Discourse fragments
- discourse fragments refers to a text or part of a text that deals
with a particular topic
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
11. The structure of discourse (cont…)
• Entanglements of discourse strands
- a statement where several discourses are entangled is called
discursive knot
- two discourse strands can be entangled more or less intensively
• Collective symbols
- collective symbols are cultural stereotypes, also called topoi
which are handed down and used collectively
- an important technique for connecting collective symbols is
catachreses
- catachreses establish connections between statements, link up
spheres of experience, bridge contradictions and increase
plausibility
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
12. The structure of discourse (cont…)
• Discourse planes and sectors
- discourse planes influence to each other and relate to each
other
- a discourse plane consists of various sectors
• Discursive events and discursive context
- discursive analysis can examine whether an event becomes a
discursive event or not
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
13. Discourse positions
•Discourse positions show the ideological position of a discourse
•This happens and subjects participate in it
•Discourse positions can be identified through discourse analysis
•The example of discourse position is the partiality of media
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
14. Overall societal and global discourse
• All the linked discourse strands in society together form the
overall societal discourse
• And in turn, the overall societal discourse is part of global
discourse
• Overall societal discourse is a very complex network. In this way,
Discourse Analysis aims to disentangle or elaborate this net
• The procedure first is to identify the single discourse strand on
single discourse planes
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15. The history, present, and future of
discourse strands
• Discourse strands have a history, present, and future
• We can trace the origin of a discourse strand. Even, it is said
that we can know what will happen to that discourse strand
• The analysis of the history, present, and future of overall
societal or global discourse can only be done in the form of single
project
• From that project we can find the basis which could change or
influence the further development of the discourse strand
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
16. On the completeness of discourse
analyses
• A discourse analysis fully captures what can be said and how it is
said in one or more discourse strands
• A discourse analysis is complete if further analysis does not lead
to further findings
• When the analyst notices that the argument that is found from
the analysis begins to repeat themselves, it means that the analysis
is completed
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
17. A little toolbox for discourse analysis
There are four practical procedures for discourse analysis:
1. Choosing a subject matter
The first step is to find what subject matter which will be
analyzed. It is also to decide which discourse strand(s) to focus on.
2. Choosing a discourse plane and a sector and
characterizing them
It is typically to limit the analysis to one discourse plane. In
some cases, it may be possible to examine several discourse planes
at once, but it is very time –consuming.
3. Accessing and preparing the materials
The next step is to describe the concrete corpus for
analysis. Then the preparation of the analysis is to provide the
questions.
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
18. Analysis
• A Structural Analysis of The Discourse Strand
• Compile a list of all articles of relevance for the discourse
strand
• Structural analysis should roughly capture the
characteristics of articles on particular aspects of interest
• A discourse strand encompasses various sub-topics
• Examine with what frequency particular groups of sub-
topics appear
• If the analysis is diachronic, examine how sub-topics are
distributed over the course of time
• Discursive entanglements are then identified
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -LUCI
19. Detailed Analysis of Typical Discourse Fragments
The aspects of the detailed analysis of typical discourse
fragments:
• Context
• Surface of the text
• Rhetorical means
• Content and ideological statements
• Other peculiarities of the article
• Discourse position and overall message of the article
Synoptic Analysis
The final assessment of the newspaper’s discourse position is
made.
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -LUCI
21. Dispositive
analysis:
The form of examined
The form of examined Concept of knowledge
Concept of knowledge
knowledge
knowledge
cognition
cognition
apparent or implicit?
apparent or implicit?
emotion
emotion
into what arguments
into what arguments
is the knowledge packed?
is the knowledge packed?
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI
23. Knowledge in Materialization
•Rely on researchers’ background knowledge
•Extend the knowledge
•Artefact analysis:
Deconstruct the materialization
Transformed material object into text
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI