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Theoretical and Methodological
Aspects of Focauldian Critical
Discourse Analysis and Dispositive
                  Critical Discourse Analysis
Analysis
                       GROUP I

                  Alfiani Safitri (0902534)
                Fira Nursya‘bani (0906856)
              Luciyana Dwiningrum (0902428)
                 Meyza Pritama (0902467)
               Prita Annisa Utami (0902542)
               Riestia Handayani (0902434)


t~a~g~o~n~i
 Introduction


  Foundations of discourse theory
  - The concept of discourse
  - Aims of critical discourse analysis
  - Discourse and reality
  - Discourse and power




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
• What is valid knowledge at a certain place and certain time?

• How does this knowledge arise and how it is passed on?

• What functions does it have for constituting subjects?

• What consequences does it have for the overall shaping and
 development of society?




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
Aims of critical discourse analysis

 Questioning and criticizing discourse in two ways:

 - CDA reveals the contradictions within and between discourse
 - CD Analyst needs to be clear about the fact that the critique is
   not situated outside discourse which can invoke values, norms,
   constitution and so on




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
Discourses and power

     Power of discourse

     Power over discourse




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
from Discourse to
                Dispositive
Discursive Practices
Non-Discursive Practices           Dispositive
Materialization


The interplay...
...human beings assign meanings to reality
...people learn the conventions of assigned meanings through language,
   which helps to interpret reality in the way it has previously been
   interpreted by others
...consciousness reflects reality



t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -FIRA
from Discourse to
                 Dispositive has as its major function at a
...dispositive `a sort of formation which
 given historical moment that of responding to an urgent need.`
 (Foucault)

...discourses as `practices that systematically form the objects of which
   they speak` (Foucault)

...materialization of work are part of reality

...If the discourse change, the object does not only change its meaning,
   it turns into different object. It loses previous identity.



t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -FIRA
Methods for analysing discourse and
                dispositives
•Methods of CDA is one of linguistic concepts

•Linguistic concepts fill only one slot in the ‘toolbox’ of discourse analysis




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
The structure of discourse

• Special discourses and interdiscourse
         Special discourses are discourses in the sciences, while
interdiscourse refers to all non-scientific discourses

• Discourse strands
 - discourse strands are flows of discourse that centre on a common topic
 - the concept of discourse strands is similar to the one of discourses
 - every discourse strand has a diachronic and synchronic dimension




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
The structure of discourse (cont…)

 • Discursive limits and techniques for extending them or
 narrowing them down
   - discursive limits is the borders to what is not sayable
   - it can be extended or narrowed down

 • Discourse fragments
   - discourse fragments refers to a text or part of a text that deals
 with a particular topic




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
The structure of discourse (cont…)
 • Entanglements of discourse strands
   - a statement where several discourses are entangled is called
 discursive knot
   - two discourse strands can be entangled more or less intensively

 • Collective symbols
   - collective symbols are cultural stereotypes, also called topoi
 which are handed down and used collectively
   - an important technique for connecting collective symbols is
 catachreses
   - catachreses establish connections between statements, link up
 spheres of experience, bridge contradictions and increase
 plausibility


t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
The structure of discourse (cont…)

 • Discourse planes and sectors
   - discourse planes influence to each other and relate to each
 other
   - a discourse plane consists of various sectors

 • Discursive events and discursive context
   - discursive analysis can examine whether an event becomes a
 discursive event or not




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
Discourse positions


 •Discourse positions show the ideological position of a discourse

 •This happens and subjects participate in it

 •Discourse positions can be identified through discourse analysis

 •The example of discourse position is the partiality of media




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
Overall societal and global discourse
 • All the linked discourse strands in society together form the
 overall societal discourse

 • And in turn, the overall societal discourse is part of global
 discourse

 • Overall societal discourse is a very complex network. In this way,
 Discourse Analysis aims to disentangle or elaborate this net

 • The procedure first is to identify the single discourse strand on
 single discourse planes




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
The history, present, and future of
                discourse strands
 • Discourse strands have a history, present, and future

 • We can trace the origin of a discourse strand. Even, it is said
 that we can know what will happen to that discourse strand

 • The analysis of the history, present, and future of overall
 societal or global discourse can only be done in the form of single
 project

 • From that project we can find the basis which could change or
 influence the further development of the discourse strand



t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
On the completeness of discourse
                    analyses
 • A discourse analysis fully captures what can be said and how it is
 said in one or more discourse strands

 • A discourse analysis is complete if further analysis does not lead
 to further findings

 • When the analyst notices that the argument that is found from
 the analysis begins to repeat themselves, it means that the analysis
 is completed




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
A little toolbox for discourse analysis
   There are four practical procedures for discourse analysis:
   1. Choosing a subject matter
           The first step is to find what subject matter which will be
   analyzed. It is also to decide which discourse strand(s) to focus on.
   2. Choosing a discourse plane and a sector and
   characterizing them
           It is typically to limit the analysis to one discourse plane. In
   some cases, it may be possible to examine several discourse planes
   at once, but it is very time –consuming.
   3. Accessing and preparing the materials
           The next step is to describe the concrete corpus for
   analysis. Then the preparation of the analysis is to provide the
   questions.



t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
Analysis
   •        A Structural Analysis of The Discourse Strand

        •       Compile a list of all articles of relevance for the discourse
                strand
        •       Structural analysis should roughly capture the
                characteristics of articles on particular aspects of interest
        •       A discourse strand encompasses various sub-topics
        •       Examine with what frequency particular groups of sub-
                topics appear
        •       If the analysis is diachronic, examine how sub-topics are
                distributed over the course of time
        •       Discursive entanglements are then identified



t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -LUCI
Detailed Analysis of Typical Discourse Fragments
   The aspects of the detailed analysis of typical discourse
      fragments:
     • Context
     • Surface of the text
     • Rhetorical means
     • Content and ideological statements
     • Other peculiarities of the article
     • Discourse position and overall message of the article

   Synoptic Analysis
   The final assessment of the newspaper’s discourse position is
      made.




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -LUCI
Non-discursive practice
Discursive practices




                                   Materialization

t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 
Dispositive
                                      analysis:


        The form of examined
        The form of examined                   Concept of knowledge
                                               Concept of knowledge
             knowledge
             knowledge

                                                      cognition
                                                       cognition
            apparent or implicit?
             apparent or implicit?

                                                       emotion
                                                        emotion
              into what arguments
               into what arguments
          is the knowledge packed?
           is the knowledge packed?



t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 
t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 
Knowledge in Materialization

     •Rely on researchers’ background knowledge

     •Extend the knowledge

     •Artefact analysis:
        Deconstruct the materialization
        Transformed material object into text




t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 
Sank you 




t~a~g~o~n~i

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Theoretical and methodological aspects of focauldian critical discourse analysis and dispositive analysis

  • 1. Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Focauldian Critical Discourse Analysis and Dispositive Critical Discourse Analysis Analysis GROUP I Alfiani Safitri (0902534) Fira Nursya‘bani (0906856) Luciyana Dwiningrum (0902428) Meyza Pritama (0902467) Prita Annisa Utami (0902542) Riestia Handayani (0902434) t~a~g~o~n~i
  • 2.  Introduction  Foundations of discourse theory - The concept of discourse - Aims of critical discourse analysis - Discourse and reality - Discourse and power t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
  • 3. • What is valid knowledge at a certain place and certain time? • How does this knowledge arise and how it is passed on? • What functions does it have for constituting subjects? • What consequences does it have for the overall shaping and development of society? t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
  • 4. Aims of critical discourse analysis Questioning and criticizing discourse in two ways: - CDA reveals the contradictions within and between discourse - CD Analyst needs to be clear about the fact that the critique is not situated outside discourse which can invoke values, norms, constitution and so on t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
  • 5. Discourses and power  Power of discourse  Power over discourse t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -PRITA
  • 6. from Discourse to Dispositive Discursive Practices Non-Discursive Practices Dispositive Materialization The interplay... ...human beings assign meanings to reality ...people learn the conventions of assigned meanings through language, which helps to interpret reality in the way it has previously been interpreted by others ...consciousness reflects reality t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -FIRA
  • 7. from Discourse to Dispositive has as its major function at a ...dispositive `a sort of formation which given historical moment that of responding to an urgent need.` (Foucault) ...discourses as `practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak` (Foucault) ...materialization of work are part of reality ...If the discourse change, the object does not only change its meaning, it turns into different object. It loses previous identity. t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -FIRA
  • 8. Methods for analysing discourse and dispositives •Methods of CDA is one of linguistic concepts •Linguistic concepts fill only one slot in the ‘toolbox’ of discourse analysis t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
  • 9. The structure of discourse • Special discourses and interdiscourse Special discourses are discourses in the sciences, while interdiscourse refers to all non-scientific discourses • Discourse strands - discourse strands are flows of discourse that centre on a common topic - the concept of discourse strands is similar to the one of discourses - every discourse strand has a diachronic and synchronic dimension t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
  • 10. The structure of discourse (cont…) • Discursive limits and techniques for extending them or narrowing them down - discursive limits is the borders to what is not sayable - it can be extended or narrowed down • Discourse fragments - discourse fragments refers to a text or part of a text that deals with a particular topic t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
  • 11. The structure of discourse (cont…) • Entanglements of discourse strands - a statement where several discourses are entangled is called discursive knot - two discourse strands can be entangled more or less intensively • Collective symbols - collective symbols are cultural stereotypes, also called topoi which are handed down and used collectively - an important technique for connecting collective symbols is catachreses - catachreses establish connections between statements, link up spheres of experience, bridge contradictions and increase plausibility t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
  • 12. The structure of discourse (cont…) • Discourse planes and sectors - discourse planes influence to each other and relate to each other - a discourse plane consists of various sectors • Discursive events and discursive context - discursive analysis can examine whether an event becomes a discursive event or not t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -RIESTIA
  • 13. Discourse positions •Discourse positions show the ideological position of a discourse •This happens and subjects participate in it •Discourse positions can be identified through discourse analysis •The example of discourse position is the partiality of media t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
  • 14. Overall societal and global discourse • All the linked discourse strands in society together form the overall societal discourse • And in turn, the overall societal discourse is part of global discourse • Overall societal discourse is a very complex network. In this way, Discourse Analysis aims to disentangle or elaborate this net • The procedure first is to identify the single discourse strand on single discourse planes t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
  • 15. The history, present, and future of discourse strands • Discourse strands have a history, present, and future • We can trace the origin of a discourse strand. Even, it is said that we can know what will happen to that discourse strand • The analysis of the history, present, and future of overall societal or global discourse can only be done in the form of single project • From that project we can find the basis which could change or influence the further development of the discourse strand t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
  • 16. On the completeness of discourse analyses • A discourse analysis fully captures what can be said and how it is said in one or more discourse strands • A discourse analysis is complete if further analysis does not lead to further findings • When the analyst notices that the argument that is found from the analysis begins to repeat themselves, it means that the analysis is completed t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
  • 17. A little toolbox for discourse analysis There are four practical procedures for discourse analysis: 1. Choosing a subject matter The first step is to find what subject matter which will be analyzed. It is also to decide which discourse strand(s) to focus on. 2. Choosing a discourse plane and a sector and characterizing them It is typically to limit the analysis to one discourse plane. In some cases, it may be possible to examine several discourse planes at once, but it is very time –consuming. 3. Accessing and preparing the materials The next step is to describe the concrete corpus for analysis. Then the preparation of the analysis is to provide the questions. t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -MEYZA
  • 18. Analysis • A Structural Analysis of The Discourse Strand • Compile a list of all articles of relevance for the discourse strand • Structural analysis should roughly capture the characteristics of articles on particular aspects of interest • A discourse strand encompasses various sub-topics • Examine with what frequency particular groups of sub- topics appear • If the analysis is diachronic, examine how sub-topics are distributed over the course of time • Discursive entanglements are then identified t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -LUCI
  • 19. Detailed Analysis of Typical Discourse Fragments The aspects of the detailed analysis of typical discourse fragments: • Context • Surface of the text • Rhetorical means • Content and ideological statements • Other peculiarities of the article • Discourse position and overall message of the article Synoptic Analysis The final assessment of the newspaper’s discourse position is made. t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -LUCI
  • 20. Non-discursive practice Discursive practices Materialization t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 
  • 21. Dispositive analysis: The form of examined The form of examined Concept of knowledge Concept of knowledge knowledge knowledge cognition cognition apparent or implicit? apparent or implicit? emotion emotion into what arguments into what arguments is the knowledge packed? is the knowledge packed? t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 
  • 22. t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 
  • 23. Knowledge in Materialization •Rely on researchers’ background knowledge •Extend the knowledge •Artefact analysis: Deconstruct the materialization Transformed material object into text t ~ a ~ g ~ o ~ n ~ i -ALFIANI 